""""""""Value-based purchasing"""""""" is a quality improvement strategy that links payment with healthcare outcomes, by paying less or not at all for poor outcomes. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) seeks to decrease the rate of hospital-acquired complications (HAC) and readmissions by holding hospitals financially accountable using risk-adjusted rates. Current CMS risk-adjustment models for readmission include patient characteristics from routine administrative data (e.g. age, gender, diagnosis codes). Research suggests other important patient characteristics such as functional status, mobility and level of social support also impact patients'risk for readmission and certain complications (e.g., pressure ulcers). To date, variables such as functional status, mobility and social support have not been evaluated for or included in risk-adjustment models because they are not available in typical administrative data. To address knowledge gaps regarding the impact of functional status, mobility and social support on complication events and readmission rates, we will utilize a unique data source - the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS) (20) (as a gold standard data source for these type of patient-specific measures) linked to patient-specific Medicare claims data, by 4 specific aims: 1. To assess change in performance of our recently constructed risk-adjusted claims-based model for complications of pressure ulcers and urinary tract infections as HACs after enhancement with HRS patient-specific measures of functional status, mobility, and social support. 2. To assess change in performance of CMS's current risk-adjustment models for readmission (for pneumonia, heart failure, myocardial infarction) after enhancement with HRS patient-specific measures of functional status, mobility, and social support. 3. To evaluate the potential of census-derived, ZIP-code level measures of disability, mobility, and household support, as surrogates for the HRS patient-specific measures to enhance CMS risk- adjustment models for HACs and readmission. 4. To evaluate the policy impact of using (or not using) measures of patient functional status, mobility and social support upon risk-adjusted hospital rates of readmissions and complications in state level claims- based data, by two approaches: 1) using related census-derived ZIP-code level measures, and 2) modeling in claims data the impact of differential distribution seen in the HRS data of the patient- specific measures by hospital types (e.g., safety-net, teaching, public hospitals). This research is vital to the science of quality assessment and expansion of value-based purchasing programs to avoid unfair penalties to hospitals that care for vulnerable patients with high intrinsic risk for readmissions and complications.

Public Health Relevance

The purpose of this study is to extend our prior work in understanding the risk structure of hospital-acquired conditions to include hospital readmissions. We propose to take advantage of a unique patient specific data source (the Health and Retirement Study linked to Medicare claims data) for patient-level measures of functional status, mobility limitations and social support to enhance current claims-data based risk models for both hospital-acquired conditions and hospital readmissions. Using statewide Medicare claims data, we will next explore the use of census-derived variables that could serve as surrogate measures of the HRS-derived variables of functional status, mobility and social support that could be readily implemented as enhancements to nationwide claims data. Our goal remains to protect vulnerable patients and the hospitals they frequent while providing the correct value signal to the health system.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01HS018334-05
Application #
8737232
Study Section
Health Systems Research (HSR)
Program Officer
Sandmeyer, Brent
Project Start
2009-12-01
Project End
2016-09-29
Budget Start
2014-09-30
Budget End
2015-09-29
Support Year
5
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Michigan Ann Arbor
Department
Internal Medicine/Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
City
Ann Arbor
State
MI
Country
United States
Zip Code
48109
McMahon Jr, Laurence F; Howell, Joel D (2018) The Hospital: Still the Doctors' Workplace(s)-A Cautionary Note for Approaches to Safety and Value Improvement. Health Serv Res 53:601-607
Meddings, Jennifer; Saint, Sanjay; Krein, Sarah L et al. (2017) Systematic Review of Interventions to Reduce Urinary Tract Infection in Nursing Home Residents. J Hosp Med 12:356-368
Mody, Lona; Greene, M Todd; Saint, Sanjay et al. (2017) Comparing Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection Prevention Programs Between Veterans Affairs Nursing Homes and Non-Veterans Affairs Nursing Homes. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 38:287-293
Smith, Shawna N; Reichert, Heidi A; Ameling, Jessica M et al. (2017) Dissecting Leapfrog: How Well Do Leapfrog Safe Practices Scores Correlate With Hospital Compare Ratings and Penalties, and How Much Do They Matter? Med Care 55:606-614
Meddings, Jennifer; Reichert, Heidi; Smith, Shawna N et al. (2017) The Impact of Disability and Social Determinants of Health on Condition-Specific Readmissions beyond Medicare Risk Adjustments: A Cohort Study. J Gen Intern Med 32:71-80
Meddings, Jennifer; McMahon Jr, Laurence F (2017) Web Exclusives. Annals for Hospitalists Inpatient Notes - Legislating Quality to Prevent Infection-A Primer for Hospitalists. Ann Intern Med 166:HO2-HO3
Meddings, Jennifer; Reichert, Heidi; Rogers, Mary A M et al. (2015) Under Pressure: Financial Effect of the Hospital-Acquired Conditions Initiative-A Statewide Analysis of Pressure Ulcer Development and Payment. J Am Geriatr Soc 63:1407-12
Kerber, Kevin A; Meurer, William J; Brown, Devin L et al. (2015) Stroke risk stratification in acute dizziness presentations: A prospective imaging-based study. Neurology 85:1869-78
Greene, M Todd; Fakih, Mohamad G; Fowler, Karen E et al. (2014) Regional variation in urinary catheter use and catheter-associated urinary tract infection: results from a national collaborative. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 35 Suppl 3:S99-S106