As a critical gap in the HIV cascade of care in sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere, many patients entering HIV care are lost to follow-up (LTFU), especially within the first 1-2 years. Many such patients die without treatment or return with advanced immune suppression. Our studies in Ethiopia indicate that HIV patients in rural settings (where HIV is increasingly treated) face multiple challenges that may impact retention in care and health status, including lack of knowledge about HIV treatment, internal and perceived stigma, social isolation, and poor access to the medical care system. Although HIV programs have used community support workers (CSWs) to address these and other challenges, evidence for efficacy of CSW programs is largely based on observational and single site studies, and factors associated with positive outcomes are not well understood. During 2011-2012, we successfully implemented a pilot community intervention to support HIV patients in rural Ethiopia, using CSWs who were themselves HIV positive. Among HIV patients newly enrolled in care, LTFU was minimal, and clients had significant improvement in HIV knowledge, mental and physical quality of life, and perceived social support, with reduction in chronic symptoms and internal stigma. Using an intervention grounded in the conceptual framework of social support as buffering against the negative effects of stressful events, we propose to rigorously evaluate a CSW intervention in a large multi-site community randomized trial. In Ethiopia's Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region, 8 hospitals and 32 health centers will be randomized to intervention or control arms. For each intervention site, CSWs from that local area will be hired, trained, and assigned to HIV positive clients to provide in community settings: informational support (education/counseling); emotional support (to addressed internal and perceived stigma), companionship support (to reduce social isolation), and instrumental support (with increased access to the HIV clinical care system). 2,640 newly diagnosed HIV patients from these sites will receive a baseline assessment and will be followed for 36 months with yearly follow-up assessments. Health surveys will assess knowledge about HIV treatment, internal and perceived external stigma, feelings of social support, and physical and mental health (quality of life). Data abstracted from the clients' HIV Clinic record will inclue dates of clinic visits (to assess ongoing retention in care), HIV clinical status, CD4+ count and body mass index. We hypothesize that compared to HIV patients in the control arm, those in the intervention arm will have reduced LTFU from HIV clinical care over 36 months of follow-up (Aim 1), as well as increased knowledge, feelings of social support, and health status, and decreased feelings of internal/perceived stigma and social isolation (Aim 2). We will also evaluate the extent to which factors in Aim 2 are predictive of retention in care (Aim 3). This study has strong research implications for future community-based programs using support workers to strengthen the HIV care continuum and to support decentralized HIV care.
This study, to be conducted in southern Ethiopia, is a randomized community trial, evaluating the use of local community support workers who provide for HIV patients education, counseling/social support, and linkage to the HIV Clinic. Patients will be followed for at least three years, with a primary goal of improving retention in HIV care, and secondary goals of improving client knowledge, attitudes about being HIV-positive, feelings of social support and clinical health status.
| Lifson, Alan R; Workneh, Sale; Hailemichael, Abera et al. (2018) A multi-site community randomized trial of community health workers to provide counseling and support for patients newly entering HIV care in rural Ethiopia: study design and baseline implementation. HIV Clin Trials 19:112-119 |
