Young gay and bisexual men (YGBM) disproportionately experience depression, anxiety, and substance use problems and are among the highest risk group for HIV infection in the U.S. Diverse methods locate the source of these health disparities in YGBM's exposure to minority stress. In fact, minority stress, psychiatric morbidity, substance use, and HIV risk fuel each other, forming a synergistic threat to YGBM's health. Yet no intervention addresses minority stress, mental health and substance use problems, or their joint impact on HIV risk in this population. Recently discovered minority stress pathways offer clear targets for improving YGBM's mental health and reducing HIV risk. Some of these processes are cognitive and affective in nature, such as internalized homophobia and rejection schemas, whereas others are characterized by behavioral avoidance, such as sexual orientation concealment, unassertiveness, and impulsivity. Strong evidence suggests that each of YGBM's co-occurring health risks is rooted in these minority stress pathways. Preliminary Studies. ESTEEM (Effective Skills to Empower Effective Men) is a 10-session skills-building intervention designed to reduce YGBM's co-occurring health risks by addressing the underlying cognitive, affective, and behavioral pathways through which minority stress impairs health. We created ESTEEM (NIMH R34), by adapting a unified cognitive-behavioral protocol to promote minority stress coping among depressed / anxious and at-risk YGBM. ESTEEM aims to normalize the adverse impact of minority stress, reduce internalized homophobia and rejection schemas, and decrease YGBM's unhealthy avoidance tendencies (e.g., substance use during sex, condom use non-assertion). In a preliminary waitlist trial, ESTEEM significantly reduced YGBM's spectrum of related health threats, making it the first evidence-based intervention to simultaneously improve mental health, substance use, and sexual risk outcomes in YGBM. Methods. To determine (1) the efficacy of ESTEEM compared to community mental health treatment and HIV counseling and testing, (2) whether ESTEEM works through its hypothesized cognitive, affective, and behavioral minority stress processes, and (3) ESTEEM's cost-effectiveness in terms of improved mental health and HIV infections averted. Our primary outcome at baseline, 3-, 6-, and 12-months is protected sex, defined as condomless anal sex in the absence of PrEP or known undetectable viral load of HIV+ primary partners. Secondary outcomes include depression, anxiety, substance use, sexual compulsivity, and PrEP uptake-FDA-approved since our R34 pilot. Deploying stand-alone interventions for separate problems represents the current, but most costly, method of reducing YGBM's mental, behavioral, and sexual health problems. A single intervention that reduces YGBM's depression, anxiety, substance use, and HIV risk by reducing the common minority stress pathways across these problems represents an efficient, cost-effective alternative to currently isolated approaches, and holds great promise for reducing sexual orientation health disparities among young men.

Public Health Relevance

Young gay and bisexual men (YGBM) represent the largest group of individuals infected with HIV in the U.S. and one of the only risk groups in the U.S. for which new HIV infection rates are increasing. By addressing key sources of HIV risk among MSM, including stigma-related stress and associated mental health and substance use difficulties, the intervention developed in this project can reduce HIV risk behavior among MSM and therefore the spread of HIV.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
1R01MH109413-01
Application #
9064338
Study Section
Behavioral and Social Science Approaches to Preventing HIV/AIDS Study Section (BSPH)
Program Officer
Greenwood, Gregory
Project Start
2016-02-15
Project End
2020-12-31
Budget Start
2016-02-15
Budget End
2016-12-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2016
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Yale University
Department
Public Health & Prev Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
043207562
City
New Haven
State
CT
Country
United States
Zip Code
Pachankis, John E (2018) The scientific pursuit of sexual and gender minority mental health treatments: Toward evidence-based affirmative practice. Am Psychol 73:1207-1219
Wang, Katie; Burton, Charles L; Pachankis, John E (2018) Depression and Substance Use: Towards the Development of an Emotion Regulation Model of Stigma Coping. Subst Use Misuse 53:859-866
Wang, Katie; Link, Bruce G; Corrigan, Patrick W et al. (2018) Perceived provider stigma as a predictor of mental health service users' internalized stigma and disempowerment. Psychiatry Res 259:526-531
Burton, Charles L; Wang, Katie; Pachankis, John E (2018) Does getting stigma under the skin make it thinner? Emotion regulation as a stress-contingent mediator of stigma and mental health. Clin Psychol Sci 6:590-600
Pachankis, John E; Hatzenbuehler, Mark L; Wang, Katie et al. (2018) The Burden of Stigma on Health and Well-Being: A Taxonomy of Concealment, Course, Disruptiveness, Aesthetics, Origin, and Peril Across 93 Stigmas. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 44:451-474
Chaudoir, Stephenie R; Wang, Katie; Pachankis, John E (2017) What reduces sexual minority stress? A review of the intervention ""toolkit"". J Soc Issues 73:586-617
Wang, Katie; White Hughto, Jaclyn M; Biello, Katie B et al. (2017) The role of distress intolerance in the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and problematic alcohol use among Latin American MSM. Drug Alcohol Depend 175:151-156
Wang, Katie; Dovidio, John F (2017) Perceiving and Confronting Sexism: The Causal Role of Gender Identity Salience. Psychol Women Q 41:65-76