Reversible synaptodendritic injury and glial activation have emerged as important phenotypes and correlates of HAND. Furthermore, persistent inflammation that has been implicated as a major underlying factor in the progression and pathology of HAND, is likely attributable to the fact that following virus infection and formation of the proviral DNA, antiretroviral therapy (ART) has no effect on the expression of viral gene products such as Tat or gp120 that are lurking in tissues such as the CNS. Intriguingly, similar to HIV+ subjects on ART, SIV- infected rhesus macaques on ART also demonstrate loss of synaptophysin, increased glial activation and dysregulation of various signature microRNAs (miRs). MiR-mediated regulation of disease pathogenesis represents an evolving area of research that has ramifications for the identification of potential therapeutic targets for various neurodegenerative disorders, for which, currently there exists no cure. Parallel to the advances made in miRNA research, there has also been the advent of the field of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs represent an important mode of intercellular communication, by serving as conduits for the transfer of membrane and cytosolic proteins, lipids and RNA (including miRs), between cells. Based on miRNA array data obtained from the brains (basal ganglia) of SIV+ macaques, we hypothesize that HIV proteins modulate HAND neuropathology via two complementary miR-associated mechanisms: a) HIV Tat-exposed astrocytes upregulate the expression and release of miRs regulating synaptic plasticity in the EVs, which, following uptake by the neurons, cause synaptodendritic injury and, b) HIV Tat-exposed astrocytes also upregulate the expression and release of inflammation related miRs in the EVs, which, following uptake by the microglia (Mg), leads to their activation via the TLR7-dependent pathway. The innovative aspect of this proposal is based on our unique observation that HIV-protein exposed astrocytes release EVs containing a signature cargo of miRs, which are taken up by neighboring neurons and Mg to induce synaptodendritic injury and activation, respectively. These experiments will be brought full circle with an examination of functional studies aimed at uncovering the underlying mechanisms of EV/miR-mediated synaptodendritic injury and glial activation in a Tat inducible transgenic model.

Public Health Relevance

Despite the success of ART, the high prevalence of HAND in HIV-infected individuals on ART poses a major challenge for health care management. In the proposed project, we will assess molecular pathways by which HIV proteins affect disease progression by inducing the release of extracellular bodies carrying RNA (& proteins) for transmission to neighboring cells, thereby propagating disease. These findings could have ramifications for the future development of therapeutic interventions for treatment of neuroinflammation in HIV-infected patients.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01MH112848-02
Application #
9404477
Study Section
NeuroAIDS and other End-Organ Diseases Study Section (NAED)
Program Officer
Rao, Vasudev
Project Start
2016-12-20
Project End
2021-11-30
Budget Start
2017-12-01
Budget End
2018-11-30
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2018
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Nebraska Medical Center
Department
Pharmacology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
168559177
City
Omaha
State
NE
Country
United States
Zip Code
68198
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Guo, Ming-Lei; Kook, Yeon Hee; Shannon, Callen E et al. (2018) Notch3/VEGF-A axis is involved in TAT-mediated proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells: Implications for HIV-associated PAH. Cell Death Discov 4:22
Sil, Susmita; Periyasamy, Palsamy; Thangaraj, Annadurai et al. (2018) PDGF/PDGFR axis in the neural systems. Mol Aspects Med 62:63-74
Yang, Lu; Niu, Fang; Yao, Honghong et al. (2018) Exosomal miR-9 Released from HIV Tat Stimulated Astrocytes Mediates Microglial Migration. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 13:330-344
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