There is long-standing recognition that people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have difficulty imitating others? actions; some investigators have highlighted impaired imitation as being a core contributor to the development of autism. What is yet unknown is precisely how imitation in children with ASD differs from that of typically developing peers. Following an in-depth review of videos of children imitating, we have identified a task parameter that separates preserved from impaired gesture imitation in ASD: children with ASD have difficulty imitating when the task requires two separate movement elements be coordinated simultaneously. By contrast, imitation is relatively preserved when movement elements are performed serially. The coordination of simultaneous movements is a hallmark of actions performed in the real world. With an eye to optimizing common therapies that depend heavily on imitation, the next step is to tease apart where, in the chain from perception to action, the capacity limitation in simultaneous processing lies. To do this, we propose a rigorous research plan that encompasses three complementary experimental techniques. The first is psychophysical task manipulation:
In Aim 1, we will control for a potential confound (total number of gestures).
In Aim 2, we will specifically examine the perceptual contribution to simultaneity limitations in ASD, by minimizing the required motor output. The second technique is correlation with relevant clinical neuropsychological measures:
In Aim 1, we will examine, within the ASD group, the association between the performance cost of simultaneous (vs. serial) imitation and a clinical measure of praxis/imitative function. We will also assess the relationship between simultaneity cost and certain aspects of social function in ASD that may depend on the simultaneous processing of multiple perceptual items and response plans.
In Aim 2, we will examine the relationship between attentional demands in simultaneous imitation and clinical measures of divided attention. The third experimental technique is EEG: Based on published results from our laboratory and others, we hypothesize that simultaneous processing demands will be characterized by an increased magnitude of task-related modulation of EEG activity (event-related synchronization/desynchronization: ERS/ERD) in controls. By examining for limitations of this effect in ASD, in either motor or visual networks, or both, we can assess the locus of capacity limitation. By better understanding the relative contributions of perceptual and motor processes, we can optimize the critical therapies in ASD that depend on imitation. Further, by better characterizing the underlying physiology, we open a path to neuro-stimulatory therapies. If, as Rogers and Pennington (1991) suggest, imitation is key to successful vs. aberrant development in children prone to ASD, the application of such therapies in a developmental context could alter the course of the development of ASD symptoms.

Public Health Relevance

Imitation?copying other people?s behavior?is an important way that people learn skills, including social skills. Problems with imitation have long been through to contribute to the development of autism. By studying how children with autism are able to successfully imitate some movements but not others, we can better understand how therapies might change the course of the disorder.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01MH113652-04
Application #
9984832
Study Section
Child Psychopathology and Developmental Disabilities Study Section (CPDD)
Program Officer
Gilotty, Lisa
Project Start
2017-09-01
Project End
2022-07-31
Budget Start
2020-08-01
Budget End
2021-07-31
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
2020
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Hugo W. Moser Research Institute Kennedy Krieger
Department
Type
DUNS #
155342439
City
Baltimore
State
MD
Country
United States
Zip Code
21205