The concept of reflex has played a major role in the attempt to understand the neurophysiological bases of the control and coordination of movements. Reflexes have been attractive theoretically, because through these pathways, sensory feedback can alter activity in muscles and thus contribute to the stability of the organism and to the production of the optimal pattern of movement. Current knowledge of reflex control of movement is in large part based on experiments focusing on spinal circuitry in experimental animals. Knowledge of reflex pathways in the human oral motor system is limited, and there is a need to design and carry out experiments that describe basic properties of human oral motor reflex pathways and the role played by these pathways in behaviors such as speech and mastication. Such knowledge is essential as a basis for understanding a variety of disorders involving the craniofacial system. Previous research has demonstrated that under well-controlled isometric conditions, activity of the human jaw muscles is extremely sensitive to modulation by sensory feedback arising from low-threshold intraoral and perioral cutaneous mechanoreceptors, from jaw muscle afferents, and from auditory pathways. These experiments have provided clear evidence of the existence of a set of potentially powerful synaptic inputs to human jaw muscles. The proposed research is designed to answer these questions concerning basic physiological properties of oral reflexes operating on human jaw-closing and opening muscles: (1) To what degree does individual variation in the amplitude of reflex responses develop through use and to what degree are these differences inherited? (2) What are the effects of the developmental and aging processes on the nature of human reflex responses? (3) Are the effects of oral motor reflex pathways on motoneurons normally suppressed during oral motor behaviors, or do inputs generated over reflex pathways contribute to the control and guidance of complex movements? (4) Can abnormal transmission characteristics in oral motor reflex pathways lead to stuttering or other disorders of movement? These questions will be addressed by applying innocuous tactile, stretch, and auditory stimuli while human subjects either maintain specified static background conditions or while they speak. Responses to these stimuli will be measured as changes in electromyograms (EMG's) recorded from jaw-closing and opening muscles, in jaw position, and in mandibular force output.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
2R01NS019173-04
Application #
3399148
Study Section
Communication Sciences and Disorders (CMS)
Project Start
1983-07-01
Project End
1989-06-30
Budget Start
1986-07-01
Budget End
1987-06-30
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
1986
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Purdue University
Department
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
072051394
City
West Lafayette
State
IN
Country
United States
Zip Code
47907
Smith, A; Weber, C M; Newton, J et al. (1991) Developmental and age-related changes in reflexes of the human jaw-closing system. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 81:118-28
Smith, A; Denny, M (1990) High-frequency oscillations as indicators of neural control mechanisms in human respiration, mastication, and speech. J Neurophysiol 63:745-58
McFarland, D H; Smith, A (1989) Surface recordings of respiratory muscle activity during speech: some preliminary findings. J Speech Hear Res 32:657-67
Smith, A (1989) Neural drive to muscles in stuttering. J Speech Hear Res 32:252-64
Moore, C A; Smith, A; Ringel, R L (1988) Task-specific organization of activity in human jaw muscles. J Speech Hear Res 31:670-80
Smith, A; McFarland, D H; Weber, C M et al. (1987) Spatial organization of human perioral reflexes. Exp Neurol 98:233-48
Weber, C M; Smith, A (1987) Reflex responses in human jaw, lip, and tongue muscles elicited by mechanical stimulation. J Speech Hear Res 30:70-9
Blair, C; Smith, A (1986) EMG recording in human lip muscles: can single muscles be isolated? J Speech Hear Res 29:256-66
McFarland, D H; Smith, A; Moore, C A et al. (1986) Relationship between amplitude of tremor and reflex responses of the human jaw-closing system. Brain Res 366:272-8
Smith, A; McFarland, D H; Weber, C M (1986) Interactions between speech and finger movements: an exploration on the dynamic pattern perspective. J Speech Hear Res 29:471-80

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