Microglia are critical the primary complications of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) in the central nervous system (CNS), since they are the most commonly infected cell and their infection represents the majority of the viral load in the CNS. This proposal will center on the biology of HIV-1 in microglia in order to develop a better understanding of the role of the virus in the development of this complication, and to help identify potential, CNS-specific treatment strategies. In the first specific aim we will continue our studies on microglial- tropism of HIV-1 isolates using primary isolates from adults and children, and an isolated adapted to microglial by sequential passage. We will first use a PCR-based assay to analyze the sequential steps of HIV-1 infection in microglial. For those isolates (like the PCR-based assay to analyze the sequential steps of HIV-1 infection in microglia. For those isolates (like the microglia-adapted HIV-1/BOR-15) which demonstrate a rapid entry phenotype, we will molecularly clone the envelopes, and define the mechanism of enhanced cellular penetration suing molecular and biochemical (binding) assays. Where tropism for microglial cells is related to post-entry steps, other portions of the pro-virus, or the entire proviral genome, will be cloned. We will then determine whether isolates that do not replicate to high levels in microglia can nevertheless establish a chronic infection. In the second specific aim we will determine whether the envelope proteins, and specifically gp120 from isolates with HIV encephalopathy can mediate changes in intracellular free Ca2+ concentrations in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), microglia, and neural cells. Those gp120s that induce intracellular signals will be tested for their ability to mediate apoptosis. In the third specific aim we will determine whether microglial infection by certain HIV isolates results in increased production of chemokines, which could be responsible for increased cellular trafficking into the CNS, and potential amplification of a chronic infection. The results from these experiments will strengthen knowledge about the interactions between HIV-1 and microglial cells.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01NS035743-05
Application #
6330494
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1-AARR-2 (03))
Program Officer
Nunn, Michael
Project Start
1996-12-01
Project End
2004-11-30
Budget Start
2000-12-01
Budget End
2001-11-30
Support Year
5
Fiscal Year
2001
Total Cost
$258,327
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Pennsylvania
Department
Neurology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
042250712
City
Philadelphia
State
PA
Country
United States
Zip Code
19104
Ryzhova, Elena V; Vos, Robin M; Albright, Andrew V et al. (2006) Annexin 2: a novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag binding protein involved in replication in monocyte-derived macrophages. J Virol 80:2694-704
Martin-Garcia, Julio; Cocklin, Simon; Chaiken, Irwin M et al. (2005) Interaction with CD4 and antibodies to CD4-induced epitopes of the envelope gp120 from a microglial cell-adapted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate. J Virol 79:6703-13
Albright, Andrew V; Vos, Robin M; Gonzalez-Scarano, Francisco (2004) Low-level HIV replication in mixed glial cultures is associated with alterations in the processing of p55(Gag). Virology 325:328-39
Ryzhova, Elena V; Crino, Peter; Shawver, Linda et al. (2002) Simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis: analysis of envelope sequences from individual brain multinucleated giant cells and tissue samples. Virology 297:57-67
Ryzhova, Elena; Whitbeck, J Charles; Canziani, Gabriela et al. (2002) Rapid progression to simian AIDS can be accompanied by selection of CD4-independent gp120 variants with impaired ability to bind CD4. J Virol 76:7903-9
Albright, A V; Martin, J; O'Connor, M et al. (2001) Interactions between HIV-1 gp120, chemokines, and cultured adult microglial cells. J Neurovirol 7:196-207
Shieh, J T; Martin, J; Baltuch, G et al. (2000) Determinants of syncytium formation in microglia by human immunodeficiency virus type 1: role of the V1/V2 domains. J Virol 74:693-701
Albright, A V; Erickson-Viitanen, S; O'Connor, M et al. (2000) Efavirenz is a potent nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor of HIV type 1 replication in microglia in vitro. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 16:1527-37
Albright, A V; Shieh, J T; O'Connor, M J et al. (2000) Characterization of cultured microglia that can be infected by HIV-1. J Neurovirol 6 Suppl 1:S53-60
Albright, A V; Shieh, J T; Itoh, T et al. (1999) Microglia express CCR5, CXCR4, and CCR3, but of these, CCR5 is the principal coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 dementia isolates. J Virol 73:205-13

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