The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the only region of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that is intrinsically capable of mediating reflect activity. This activity is made possible by the presence within the bowel of microcircuits that contain the necessary primary afferent neurons and interneurons, as well as the excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons that innervate gastrointestinal smooth muscle and glands. The complexity of the functions controlled by the ENS is reflected in an equally complex organization that resembles that of the CNS more than the remainder of the PNS. The ENS also innervates other organs, including the pancreas. Pancreatic ganglia are similar to enteric ganglia, and are the primary target of the enteric innervation. Many different classes of neurotransmitter have been found in the ENS, including most of those known also to be present in the CNS. It is thus surprising that glutamate, which is the major excitatory transmitter of the brain, has not previously been found to be a transmitter in the ENS. The PI recently obtained the first evidence: (1) that the ENS and pancreas contain glutamate-immunoreactive neurons and that these cells express the same plasma membrane glutamate transporter that is found in central glutamatergic neurons, (2) that glutamate depolarizes enteric and pancreatic neurons via N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors, (3) that glutamate antagonists block some enteric and pancreatic fast and slow excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), (4) that glutamate (and NMDA) raises [Ca2+]i in enteric neurons, (5) that pancreatic glutamate receptors mediate long germ potentiation (LTP), and (6) that glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity occurs in the ENS.
The specific aims of this project are: (1) to establish that glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter in the gut and pancreas, (2) to determine if glutamate is a transmitter of enteric sensory neurons, and (3) to determine which physiological processes are mediated by enteric and pancreatic glutamate receptors. The abundance of enteric and pancreatic neurons that express glutamate receptors suggests that drugs designed to interact with these receptors may exert unanticipated visceral actions. These drugs may also affect insulin secretion since insulin-immunoreactive islet cells express glutamate receptors.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
1R01NS035951-01
Application #
2038714
Study Section
General Medicine A Subcommittee 2 (GMA)
Program Officer
Kitt, Cheryl A
Project Start
1997-01-10
Project End
2001-12-31
Budget Start
1997-01-10
Budget End
1997-12-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
1997
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Suny Downstate Medical Center
Department
Physiology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
068552207
City
Brooklyn
State
NY
Country
United States
Zip Code
11203
Tong, Qingchun; Kirchgessner, Annette L (2003) Localization and function of metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 in the enteric nervous system. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 285:G992-G1003
Chen, Wei-Ping; Kirchgessner, Annette L (2002) Activation of group II mGlu receptors inhibits voltage-gated Ca2+ currents in myenteric neurons. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 283:G1282-9
Aradi, I; Soltesz, I (2002) Modulation of network behaviour by changes in variance in interneuronal properties. J Physiol 538:227-51
Tong, Qingchun; Ouedraogo, Raogo; Kirchgessner, Annette L (2002) Localization and function of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors in rat pancreatic islets. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282:E1324-33
Tong, Q; Ma, J; Kirchgessner, A L (2001) Vesicular glutamate transporter 2 in the brain-gut axis. Neuroreport 12:3929-34
Kirchgessner, A L (2001) Glutamate in the enteric nervous system. Curr Opin Pharmacol 1:591-6
Liu, M; Kirchgessner, A L (2000) Agonist- and reflex-evoked internalization of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in enteric neurons. J Neurosci 20:3200-5
Kirchgessner, A L; Liu, M (1999) Orexin synthesis and response in the gut. Neuron 24:941-51
Kirchgessner, A L; Liu, M T (1999) Differential localization of Ca2+ channel alpha1 subunits in the enteric nervous system: presence of alpha1B channel-like immunoreactivity in intrinsic primary afferent neurons. J Comp Neurol 409:85-104
Zhai, J; Gershon, M D; Walsh, J H et al. (1999) Inward currents in neurons from newborn guinea pig intestine: mediation by 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 291:374-82

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