Developmental anomalies of the brain, including mental retardation and malformations, occur in approximately 2% of all live born children and epilepsy in about 0.5%, placing them among the most common known childhood disorders. Despite this high frequency, the molecular and cellular basis for only a very few disorders has been recently elucidated, while the basis of many more remains unknown. Mutations in the transcription factor ARX have been described in several children with early childhood epilepsy and mental retardation, both with and without associated brain malformations. As predicted in our first application, mutations of this gene prove to be a relatively common cause of mental retardation and infantile epilepsy based on the wide spectrum of severity already apparent in this group of children and a recurrent mechanism for mutation in at least two of the four polyalanine tracts found in the gene. The developmental mechanism by which ARX mutations result in this wide spectrum of problems is incompletely understood, although emerging data implicate disturbances in radial and nonradial cell migration, two pathways required for normal brain development. Based on data generated from this grant in humans and mice, the following hypotheses have been generated: (1) the type of ARX mutation predicts the phenotype in both hemizygous males and heterozygous females;(2) the phenotype in affected female humans and mice correlates with X-inactivation;and (3) Arx with an expanded poly-A tract results in defects in transcriptional repression, ultimate resulting in mice with seizures and mental retardation. To test these hypotheses, a series of experiments are proposed that will discover the mutation types in a large series of male and female patients with candidate phenotypes and determine X-inactivation status. In this application we will focus on elucidating the mechanism of a poly-A tract mutation in causing the neurologic phenotype, and in further understanding the downstream targets of Arx and their role in normal and abnormal brain development and function. The phenotypes in humans and mutant mice with different ARX/Arx mutations will be analyzed and compared to each other and to overlapping phenotypes caused by mutations of related genes. These studies are expected to provide a greater understanding of how Arx functions in normal and abnormal development, and will contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis of such common disorders in children as mental retardation, epilepsy, and structural anomalies of the brain.

Public Health Relevance

Epilepsy and mental retardation co-exist in many children and together extract a significant financial burden on the US health care dollar, an estimated $51.2 billion (in 2003 dollars). Although 3-5% of all children in the United States exhibit epilepsy and/or mental retardation, the underlying pathogeneses for these disorders is poorly understood in most cases. The data from our previous work and from that proposed in this application seeks to understand how one gene, ARX, commonly causes childhood epilepsy and mental retardation. Ultimately we expect these studies will lead to improvements in their diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these and related neurologic disorders.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01NS046616-06
Application #
7822783
Study Section
Developmental Brain Disorders Study Section (DBD)
Program Officer
Riddle, Robert D
Project Start
2003-07-01
Project End
2014-04-30
Budget Start
2010-05-01
Budget End
2011-04-30
Support Year
6
Fiscal Year
2010
Total Cost
$479,865
Indirect Cost
Name
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Department
Type
DUNS #
073757627
City
Philadelphia
State
PA
Country
United States
Zip Code
19104
Marsh, Eric D; Nasrallah, MacLean Pancoast; Walsh, Caroline et al. (2016) Developmental interneuron subtype deficits after targeted loss of Arx. BMC Neurosci 17:35
Stouffer, Melissa A; Golden, Jeffrey A; Francis, Fiona (2016) Neuronal migration disorders: Focus on the cytoskeleton and epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 92:18-45
Simonet, Jacqueline C; Sunnen, C Nicole; Wu, Jue et al. (2015) Conditional Loss of Arx From the Developing Dorsal Telencephalon Results in Behavioral Phenotypes Resembling Mild Human ARX Mutations. Cereb Cortex 25:2939-50
Lim, Youngshin; Cho, Il-Taeg; Schoel, Leah J et al. (2015) Hereditary spastic paraplegia-linked REEP1 modulates endoplasmic reticulum/mitochondria contacts. Ann Neurol 78:679-96
Colasante, Gaia; Simonet, Jacqueline C; Calogero, Raffaele et al. (2015) ARX regulates cortical intermediate progenitor cell expansion and upper layer neuron formation through repression of Cdkn1c. Cereb Cortex 25:322-35
Hansen, Jeanne; Snow, Chelsi; Tuttle, Emily et al. (2015) De novo mutations in SIK1 cause a spectrum of developmental epilepsies. Am J Hum Genet 96:682-90
Paciorkowski, Alex R; McDaniel, Sharon S; Jansen, Laura A et al. (2015) Novel mutations in ATP1A3 associated with catastrophic early life epilepsy, episodic prolonged apnea, and postnatal microcephaly. Epilepsia 56:422-30
Tully, Hannah M; Dobyns, William B (2014) Infantile hydrocephalus: a review of epidemiology, classification and causes. Eur J Med Genet 57:359-68
Sunnen, C Nicole; Simonet, Jacqueline C; Marsh, Eric D et al. (2014) Arx is required for specification of the zona incerta and reticular nucleus of the thalamus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 73:253-61
Bourgeois, Elliot B; Johnson, Brian N; McCoy, Almedia J et al. (2014) A toolbox for spatiotemporal analysis of voltage-sensitive dye imaging data in brain slices. PLoS One 9:e108686

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