The goal of our research is to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of histamine-independent itch. Primary sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) play an essential role in generating itch by detecting itch stimuli through their peripheral axons in the skin and sending the signals to the spinal cord via their central axons. The best characterized itch mediator is histamine. However, anti-histamine drugs are ineffective in most itch conditions suggesting the involvement of histamine- independent pathways. The major hurdle in understanding histamine-independent itch is the dearth of molecular markers that label itch-sensitive neurons in DRG and cell surface receptors directly activated by itch stimuli other than histamine. Recently, we have shown that Mrgprs, a family of G protein-coupled receptors specifically expressed in a small subset of DRG neurons, function as receptors for the anti- malaria drug chloroquine and are required for chloroquine-induced itch. Besides chloroquine, Mrgprs and Mrgpr-expressing DRG neurons also respond to several other itch-inducing compounds suggesting that Mrgprs are novel itch receptors by directly sensing these compounds and that neurons expressing these receptors transduce itch signals. In this proposal, we will take molecular, genetic, behavioral, and electrophysiological approaches to dissect the functions of Mrgprs and properties of Mrgpr-expressing DRG neurons in itch. Our preliminary data show that Mrgprs mediate itch induced by SLIGRL, a peptide agonist for protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). This surprising result challenges the traditional notion that PAR2 functions as the itch receptor in DRG to mediate protease-induced itch.
Aim I is to test the hypothesis that Mrgprs function as receptors for the cleaved N-terminus of PAR2 generated by proteases in itch signaling. We have recently identified a small molecule compound that can specifically inhibit human and mouse Mrgpr activation by several itch-inducing compounds including chloroquine and SLIGRL in heterologous cells.
In Aim II, we will determine whether treatment with the antagonist can block chloroquine- and SLIGRL-induced neuronal and behavioral responses in mice. Our cellular analyses suggest that Mrgpr-expressing neurons are itch-sensitive neurons.
In Aim III, we will use our newly generated transgenic mouse lines in which Mrgpr-expressing DRG neurons are labeled by GFP-Cre to study the electrophysiological properties and axonal projections of these neurons in the periphery and the spinal cord. Functional analysis of Mrgprs and Mrgpr-expressing neurons will provide insight into key mechanisms of itch as well as open the door for the development of novel itch therapeutics.

Public Health Relevance

Chronic itch interferes with normal daily activity and can have serious clinical consequences. Our studies suggest Mrgprs are novel itch receptors that directly detect itch-inducing compounds and that sensory neurons expressing these receptors transduce itch signals. Therefore, functional analysis of Mrgprs and Mrgpr-expressing neurons will not only provide a mechanistic understanding of itch but also open new avenues to develop novel itch therapeutics.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01NS054791-08
Application #
8642673
Study Section
Somatosensory and Chemosensory Systems Study Section (SCS)
Program Officer
Gnadt, James W
Project Start
2006-04-01
Project End
2016-03-31
Budget Start
2014-04-01
Budget End
2015-03-31
Support Year
8
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
$355,163
Indirect Cost
$138,600
Name
Johns Hopkins University
Department
Neurosciences
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
001910777
City
Baltimore
State
MD
Country
United States
Zip Code
21218
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Anderson, Michael; Zheng, Qin; Dong, Xinzhong (2018) Investigation of Pain Mechanisms by Calcium Imaging Approaches. Neurosci Bull 34:194-199
Han, Liang; Limjunyawong, Nathachit; Ru, Fei et al. (2018) Mrgprs on vagal sensory neurons contribute to bronchoconstriction and airway hyper-responsiveness. Nat Neurosci 21:324-328
He, Shao-Qiu; Xu, Qian; Tiwari, Vinod et al. (2018) Oligomerization of MrgC11 and ?-opioid receptors in sensory neurons enhances morphine analgesia. Sci Signal 11:
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Li, Zhe; Tseng, Pang-Yen; Tiwari, Vinod et al. (2017) Targeting human Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X1 to inhibit persistent pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114:E1996-E2005

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