The long term objective of this research is to identify molecular targets for neuroprotective therapies in multiple sclerosis (MS). It is now recognized that axon damage occurs commonly in MS and is an important cause of permanent disability. Developing neuroprotective therapies that halt axonal degeneration is a major therapeutic goal of MS research. Although the precise mechanisms leading to axonal degeneration are poorly understood, they most likely stem from a cascade of ionic imbalances initiated by mitochondrial dysfunction and concomitant deficits in cellular energy supply, ultimately resulting in mitochondrial and axonal Ca2+ overload. Using the murine model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we have demonstrated that mouse mutants missing cyclophilin D (CyPD-KO), a key regulator of the mitochondrial permeability transition (PT) pore and the major pathway for Ca2+ release from mitochondria, have dramatically reduced axonal damage compared with wild type (WT) mice despite the presence of inflammation within the central nervous system (CNS). CyPD-KO mice develop acute EAE similar to WT mice but unlike the WT mice, recover clinically and show up to an 80% reduction in axonal damage. Importantly, mitochondria from CyPD-KO mice are resistant to Ca2+-mediated PT Pore activation and primary cortical neurons from CyPD-KO mice resist injury induced by oxygen and nitrogen free radicals, mediators of injury in EAE and MS. These results suggest a critical role for the PT Pore in determining the fate of axons in EAE and MS. The guiding hypothesis of this proposal is that modulation of the PT Pore by inactivation of CyPD will enhance the ability of axonal mitochondria to sequester Ca2+ in response to pathologic increases in Ca2+, thereby delaying activation of the PT Pore. In turn, inhibition of PT Pore activation will abrogate ATP depletion, axoplasmic Ca2+ overload, and the initiation of a molecular cascade that leads to axonal destruction. We propose the following specific aims to further test the role of the mitochondrial PT Pore and its modulation by CyPD inactivation in the development of axonal injury in EAE.
In Aim 1, we will use CyPDloxP/neuronal Cre mice to determine whether inactivation of CyPD in neurons and their axons and not in other CNS cell types results in axonal protection in EAE.
In Aim 2, we will use primary cortical neuronal cultures from WT and CyPD-KO mice to determine whether toxic inflammatory mediators generated during EAE 1) change dendritic stability and neuronal viability in WT neurons and 2) increase mitochondrial Ca2+ levels and activate the PT Pore in these neurons and whether 3) CyPD inactivation inhibits these effects.
In Aim 3, we will determine whether drugs that inactivate CyPD protect axons in EAE and cortical neurons in vitro. Our results will expand our knowledge of how modulation of mitochondrial PT Pore responses influence axonal injury in EAE and MS, facilitating the development of novel neuroprotective therapies for the treatment of MS.

Public Health Relevance

Our research seeks to understand how to prevent damage to nerve fibers in the spinal cord of mice with a multiple sclerosis-like disease. We have found that we can dramatically reduce damage to nerves in this multiple sclerosis-like disease by blocking a protein in mitochondria. The results of this research should lead to new treatment approaches for multiple sclerosis by using drugs to block the mitochondrial protein. ? ? ?

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
1R01NS057433-01A2
Application #
7463230
Study Section
Clinical Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumors Study Section (CNBT)
Program Officer
Utz, Ursula
Project Start
2008-04-01
Project End
2013-03-31
Budget Start
2008-04-01
Budget End
2009-03-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2008
Total Cost
$336,875
Indirect Cost
Name
Oregon Health and Science University
Department
Neurology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
096997515
City
Portland
State
OR
Country
United States
Zip Code
97239
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Su, Kimmy; Bourdette, Dennis; Forte, Michael (2013) Mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. Front Physiol 4:169
Barsukova, Anna G; Forte, Michael; Bourdette, Dennis (2012) Focal increases of axoplasmic Ca2+, aggregation of sodium-calcium exchanger, N-type Ca2+ channel, and actin define the sites of spheroids in axons undergoing oxidative stress. J Neurosci 32:12028-37
Fang, Cheng; Bourdette, Dennis; Banker, Gary (2012) Oxidative stress inhibits axonal transport: implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Neurodegener 7:29
Su, Kimmy G; Savino, Costanza; Marracci, Gail et al. (2012) Genetic inactivation of the p66 isoform of ShcA is neuroprotective in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurosci 35:562-71
Barsukova, Anna G; Bourdette, Dennis; Forte, Michael (2011) Mitochondrial calcium and its regulation in neurodegeneration induced by oxidative stress. Eur J Neurosci 34:437-47
Barsukova, Anna; Komarov, Alexander; Hajnoczky, Gyorgy et al. (2011) Activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore modulates Ca2+ responses to physiological stimuli in adult neurons. Eur J Neurosci 33:831-42
Bourdette, Dennis; Whitham, Ruth (2010) Immunotherapy and multiple sclerosis: The devil is in the details. Neurology 74:1410-1
Su, Kimmy G; Banker, Gary; Bourdette, Dennis et al. (2009) Axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis: the mitochondrial hypothesis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 9:411-7