Humans maintain learned motor skills over long time-scales-for days, years or even decades. However, little is known about how the brain achieves this stability. Some studies indicate that while motor skills can remain stable for years, the individual neurons controlling them may significantly change their firing properties over the course of hours. In another view, the tuning of individual neurons is as stable as the motor skill itself. The central hypothesis of this project is that the brain encodes learned behaviors on two distinct levels - a mesoscopic level that is highly stable, and a microscopic level in which single neurons change and are influenced by the recent history of motor performance errors. In other words, the stability of a memory is rooted not in single neuron stability, but in network patterns that persist in spite of drifting activity in individual neurons. This project investigates this hypothesis by examining the neural basis of song in zebra finches. The neural circuits that underly song behavior are well defined, extensively studied, and in key respects homologous to the cortico-basal ganglia circuits that underly sensory-motor learning in mammals. For this project, the key value of the songbird is the stability of its behavior. A songbird can sing the same learned song with great precision for years providing a unique opportunity to examine how motor skills are preserved over long time-scales. Using new tools for stable recording from neurons, the project examines single neuron tuning and network patterns underlying song over time scales of days to months. To accelerate changes in the song motor program the project uses a brain-machine interface that generates brief bursts of noise during singing whenever the brain activates specific groups of neurons. Preliminary data reveals that birds can learn to reduce this interfering noise, and improve the quality of their songs by controlling the pattern of activity in the targeted neurons. Through the brain-machine interface and other experiments, significant preliminary data reveals that whereas mesoscopic dynamical patterns in premotor cortex are stable, individual neurons can drift in and out of the ensemble pattern, and adjust their activity to minimize performance errors. This project will reveal the rules of this process with cellular resolution. Insights gained from these experiments have the potential to impact human health. If single neurons drift in motor control, then knowing the rules that govern this drift will be critical to therapeutic interventions that promote recovery after injury, or create sable brain- machine interfaces for human prosthetics.
This project studies songbird pre-motor cortex to examine the basis of memory stability. The research will reveal rules that neurons follow to correct vocal errors and will address a longstanding mystery of how stable memories can be built from networks of unstable neurons. Answers to these questions can guide the design of future brain-machine interfaces and therapeutic treatments that allow patients to regain motor function after trauma or disease.
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| Liberti, William A; Perkins, L Nathan; Leman, Daniel P et al. (2017) An open source, wireless capable miniature microscope system. J Neural Eng 14:045001 |
| Lim, Yoonseob; Lagoy, Ryan; Shinn-Cunningham, Barbara G et al. (2016) Transformation of temporal sequences in the zebra finch auditory system. Elife 5: |
| Liberti 3rd, William A; Markowitz, Jeffrey E; Perkins, L Nathan et al. (2016) Unstable neurons underlie a stable learned behavior. Nat Neurosci 19:1665-1671 |
| Cannon, Jonathan; Kopell, Nancy; Gardner, Timothy et al. (2015) Neural Sequence Generation Using Spatiotemporal Patterns of Inhibition. PLoS Comput Biol 11:e1004581 |
| Markowitz, Jeffrey E; Liberti 3rd, William A; Guitchounts, Grigori et al. (2015) Mesoscopic patterns of neural activity support songbird cortical sequences. PLoS Biol 13:e1002158 |
