Neurovascular units (NVU) are the structural and functional elements of the brain and are exquisitely susceptible to ischemic stroke. Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of long-term disability, posing an enormous social and economic burden to society. Although the FDA has approved tissue plasminogen activator for restoring blood flow, no neuroprotective medicine is available for stroke victims. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has recently been shown to be able to induce ischemic tolerance of the brain against subsequent ischemic injury to the NVU; however, the underlying protective mechanisms are not clear. Using both in vitro and in vivo methods, we have obtained exciting preliminary results suggesting that IPC protects against ischemic injury via the transcription factor Nrf2 and the generation of endogenous lipid electrophiles that create mild oxidative stress. Suppressing Nrf2 or neutralizing electrophiles with N- acetylcysteine eliminates the ischemic tolerance. Electrophiles robustly activate Nrf2, induce phase 2 enzymes, and protect mouse brains, cultured rat primary cortical neurons, mouse brain microvessel endothelial cells (MBMEC), and astrocyte-endothelial cell co-cultures from ischemic injury. Furthermore, treating MBMEC cells with 4-HNE or preconditioning attenuates blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage induced by ischemia. The purpose of this proposal is to further investigate the mechanisms responsible for Nrf2 activation and neurovascular protection induced by IPC. The overall hypotheses are that IPC causes mild oxidative stress in the brain, leading to the generation of sublethal levels of lipid electrophiles; these electrophiles then activate the Nrf2 pathway by suppressing both Keap1 and GSK3, thereby protecting NVU components.
Three specific aims are proposed:
Aim 1 tests the hypotheses that IPC offers long-term neuroprotection against focal ischemia in mice and that Nrf2 and electrophiles are required for the sustained protection;
Aim 2 tests the hypothesis that lipid electrophiles activate Nrf2 by inhibiting Keap1 and GSK3 in NVU component cells;
Aim 3 tests the hypothesis that IPC reinforces BBB via upreglulating CDH5 and that Nrf2 action protects the BBB and NVU in ischemic brain. This thorough investigation of the protective mechanisms of IPC may help develop future therapies that boost endogenous regulatory mechanisms in stroke victims.

Public Health Relevance

Stroke is a common disease posing an enormous social and economic burden. Despite decades of research, we still lack an effective cure. This project aims to discover and characterize a group of endogenous molecules that can robustly promote neuronal survival, and then to find a way to stimulate their functions to protect against the devastating sequelae of stroke.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
1R01NS092810-01
Application #
8940874
Study Section
Neural Oxidative Metabolism and Death Study Section (NOMD)
Program Officer
Bosetti, Francesca
Project Start
2015-05-01
Project End
2020-02-28
Budget Start
2015-05-01
Budget End
2016-02-29
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
$336,875
Indirect Cost
$118,125
Name
University of Pittsburgh
Department
Neurology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
004514360
City
Pittsburgh
State
PA
Country
United States
Zip Code
15213
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