Many Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients suffer from altered cerebral blood flow and a damaged cerebral vasculature. Moreover, the majority of patients with dementia present with both AD and vascular pathologies. Circulatory deficiencies could therefore play an important role in this disease. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), where A? deposits around cerebral blood vessels, is a major contributor of vascular dysfunction in AD and is observed in more than 80% of AD patients. Post-mortem pathological examination of patients' brains with CAA shows perivascular microhemorrhage, microinfarcts, and capillary occlusion. However, the molecular mechanism underlying CAA formation and CAA-induced cerebrovascular pathology is unclear. In addition, a definitive diagnosis of CAA requires autopsy as there is no clear biomarker for CAA. There are rare familiar forms of CAA, called hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy (HCAA), in which patients display exaggerated CAA pathology and a severe clinical course of strokes as well as suffering from early onset neurological dysfunction, dementia, and ultimately death. The majority of HCAA occurrences coincide with mutations within the gene for the ?-amyloid precursor protein (APP). While most APP mutations elevate total A? production or promote formation of the more toxic A?42, a subset of mutations related to HCAA causes an increase in vascular deposits of A?. Since patients afflicted by HCAA mutations have severe cerebrovascular deficits along with massive CAA, HCAA is an ideal disease to examine the pathogenic mechanisms of CAA. Increasing evidence suggests that fibrinogen, a major component of blood clots, contributes heavily to the cerebrovascular risk in AD. Fibrinogen binds to A? with high affinity, and this interaction increases the incidence of abnormal fibrin clots, CAA, inflammation, and cerebrovascular damage. Our preliminary results indicate that HCAA mutations highly increase A??s binding affinity for fibrinogen and induce more severely altered fibrin clot structure than wild-type (WT) A?. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that HCAA mutations increase A??s binding affinity for fibrinogen, which subsequently induces more severely altered fibrin clotting, increases vascular fibrin and A? deposition, and exacerbates inflammation and cerebrovascular damage. By investigating our hypothesis in a mouse model of HCAA, as well as antemortem CSF and postmortem brain tissue of HCAA patients, we aim to understand the molecular mechanism underlying increased CAA and cerebrovascular abnormalities in HCAA. If our proposed experiments are successful, the results will help us to better understand the pathogenic mechanism underlying the vascular contribution of CAA in both AD and HCAA patients. In addition, our research will provide a novel CSF biomarker for CAA. Furthermore, these findings may accelerate the discovery of tractable therapeutic methods for vascular pathology in AD.
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), a condition where ?-amyloid (A?), a peptide that contributes to Alzheimer's disease (AD), accumulates within the blood vessels of the brain, is a major contributor of brain circulatory dysfunction of AD patients. There are rare familiar forms of CAA, called hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy (HCAA), wherein patients display exaggerated CAA pathology, and a severe clinical course of strokes, furthermore, they and suffer from early onset neurological dysfunction, dementia, and ultimately death. Because molecular mechanisms underlying CAA formation and subsequent severe brain circulatory pathology in both AD and HCAA patients is unclear, we propose to study pathogenic mechanisms of CAA by investigating a role for fibrinogen, a major component of blood clots, in a mouse model of HCAA and postmortem brain tissue of patients with this disease.
| Singh, Pradeep K; Kawasaki, Masanori; Berk-Rauch, Hanna E et al. (2018) Aminopyrimidine Class Aggregation Inhibitor Effectively Blocks A?-Fibrinogen Interaction and A?-Induced Contact System Activation. Biochemistry 57:1399-1409 |
