Infection with Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for millions of cases of diarrhea per year and is a common precursor to Guillain-Barr syndrome, the leading cause of flaccid paralysis. Some individuals infected with C. jejuni experience watery diarrhea consisting of more than 10 stools per day whereas others suffer from inflammatory diarrhea with small-volume mucoid stool containing blood. It is currently uncertain whether the infectious C. jejuni strain, an individual's immune response, or both contribute to the variation in symptoms, severity, and duration of C. jejuni-mediated disease. Our central hypothesis is that the variation in clinical presentation associated with C. jejuni strains is, in part, due to differences in C. jejuni gene expression between strains. Invasive strains of C. jejuni cause bloody diarrhea whereas less-invasive strains cause diarrhea without blood (fewer of these bacteria invade and multiply in intestinal cells). We further hypothesize that infection with invasive strains of C. jejuni will result in greater host pro-inflammatory cytokines and Th17 cytokines (influence gut permeability) than infection with less-invasive strains. Finally, we hypothesize that C. jejuni infection (regardless of phenotypes) will result in a shift in the host-gut metabolism that, at least initially, favors its growth in the intestine. The novelty of this proposal is the use of the pig ligated-intestinal loop model to establish discrete replicative niches for four distinct (sequenced) C. jejuni strains in the intestinal lumen. Two of the C. jejuni strains to be tested in our model cause bloody diarrhea in pigs whereas two strains result in diarrhea without blood. Our preliminary studies have revealed that: 1) Significant genetic diversity exists amongst these four C. jejuni strains; and 2) C. jejuni synthesize a number of proteins either exclusively or preferentially when grown under host-like conditions (in the presence of epithelial cells or with a physiologically relevant concentration of the bile acid deoxycholate) as compared to nutrient broth, as judged by microarray (published) and RNA-Seq analysis (unpublished). In vivo studies are needed to determine the relationship between C. jejuni virulence gene expression and clinical disease presentation and to provide information regarding the complexity of the host response to different strains.
The Specific Aims of this proposal are to: 1) Identify unique and/or differentially expressed genes using RNA extracted from C. jejuni cultured in the laboratory versus from C. jejuni collected from pig ligated-intestinal loops by transcriptomics. 2) Characterize the host response to infection with C. jejuni strains that cause bloody versus watery diarrhea. 3) Perform comparative metabolomics of luminal contents from uninfected and C. jejuni-infected loops.
One of the key challenges facing Campylobacter researchers is to determine the relationship between C. jejuni virulence gene expression and clinical disease presentation. We will use a new approach (pig ligated-intestinal loops) to dissect C. jejuni virulence and the host response upon insult with this pathogen. These studies will provide new insight into C. jejuni virulence gene expression, the host innate response to C. jejuni infection, and the metabolites produced by the host and gut microbiota in response to C. jejuni infection.
