There is a fundamental need to improve pre-clinical models used to predict Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in the setting of polypharmacy (such as with nephrotoxic antibiotics). Until a translational model is developed, risks can only be predicted individually and semi-quantitatively for groups. The long term goal is to improve the kidney safety profile for critically necessary antibiotic therapies. Vancomycin (V) and piperacillin- tazobactam (PT) are exemplars for study as they are the most commonly used antibiotics in the hospital setting and have been widely suggested in clinical literature to synergistically cause AKI. Despite the clinical data, bio- logic plausibility has not been established; it is unclear if elevated serum creatinine (SCr) is a real or a false positive finding for AKI. SCr is neither highly sensitive nor specific for AKI, PT shares transporters with creatinine that could affect clearance independent of AKI, and preliminary data from experimental models strongly suggests that PT does not worsen V induced AKI (and may be protective). The overall objective is to leverage rat models to quantify individual contributions of multiple drugs on AKI. The central hypothesis of this research is that SCr from clinical studies misclassifies AKI, and alternate models more appropriately define AKI. Rigor of prior re- search with urinary biomarkers suggests that non-creatinine biomarkers can improve predictions of AKI in the setting of polypharmacy. Thus, we will create a novel framework to assess AKI in a pre-clinical manner that has distinct advantages over the status quo by pursuing the following AIMs: 1. Define glomerular filtration rates (GFR) for V, PT, and V+PT in rats as calculated by A) serum creatinine clearance (GFRCRCL) and B) inulin (GFRinulin). 2. Create a Physiologic-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model that describes mass transit and clearance of V, PT, and V+PT between blood, kidneys, and urine AND quantify real-time PK/Toxicodynamic (TD) relationships for A) serum creatinine, B) urinary biomarkers, and C) terminal histopathology. 3. Develop a hu- manized-rat, PK/TD model for simultaneous administration of two nephrotoxins. The proposed studies will ac- complish 3 major goals. First, defining actual GFR in V, PT, and V+PT will provide mechanistic insight on the role of SCr in V+PT therapy. Second, the PBPK model further informs mechanism by understanding the indi- vidual components that increase SCr in V+PT. Finally, this project is innovative because there is not currently a humanized animal model that can separate the AKI contribution from each drug in the setting of polypharmacy. This model has potential benefits compared to allometrically scaled animal models (which result in high peak concentrations for animals) or cellular models (which use static and supraphysiological concentrations). This contribution will be significant because A) results from AIM 1 and 2 will clarify the toxicity profile for the two most commonly used antibiotics and B) successful development of our novel humanized model can vertically advance the field?s understanding of individual drug contribution to AKI in the setting of polypharmacy. This proposal directly addresses the NIH mission to create ?innovative research strategies? for ?improving health.?

Public Health Relevance

The proposed research is relevant to public health because there are few antibiotics available to treat serious infectious diseases and over 23,000 US patients die annually from antibiotic resistant infections. Vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam are two of the most common antibiotics given to critically ill adults, and this combination has been clinically reported to significantly worsen acute kidney injury. It is critical to understand if the kidney injury is real or is a false positive due to surrogate limitations of serum creatinine.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Exploratory/Developmental Grants (R21)
Project #
5R21AI149026-02
Application #
10086057
Study Section
Pathobiology of Kidney Disease Study Section (PBKD)
Program Officer
Xu, Zuoyu
Project Start
2020-01-16
Project End
2021-12-31
Budget Start
2021-01-01
Budget End
2021-12-31
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2021
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Midwestern University
Department
Anatomy/Cell Biology
Type
Schools of Pharmacy
DUNS #
181778846
City
Downers Grove
State
IL
Country
United States
Zip Code
60515