The purpose of this study is to assess the feasibility of using pharmacies as public health venues to provide HIV-related services to injection drug users (IDUs) in the United States and international settings, in preparation for a large-scale, multisite, randomized community controlled intervention trial (RCCI-Trial). Pharmacies are the most common health-related facilities throughout the world. IDUs often obtain sterile needles and syringes from pharmacies, and there have been a number of studies showing that use of pharmacies is associated with reduced HIV transmission among IDUs. In a limited number of studies, pharmacies have been mobilized to provide various types of HIV- and health-related services to IDUs. The results of these studies suggest that training pharmacists to provide HIV-related services to IDUs could be a highly effective intervention that could be implemented in a wide variety of cultural settings. An RCCI-Trial is needed to test this intervention. An RCCI-Trial requires careful preparatory study and estimation of feasibility in a number of different locations. The purpose of these linked R21 proposals is to conduct the needed feasibility and preparatory work in five settings across four countries: India, Vietnam, Russia, and the United States (including this application from San Francisco). With the overarching goal of testing feasibility in advance of a coordinated RCCI-Trial in five international settings, the aims for each proposal are as follows:
Aim 1. Assess current pharmacy services and how these services can be expanded to include HIV-related services for IDUs'syringes in pharmacies.
Aim 2. Assess barriers to participation in HIV prevention interventions targeted to IDU syringe customers, including pharmacists'attitudes, IDUs'concerns, and possible interference from law enforcement and policy makers.
Aim 3. Identify potential local sites (i.e., subareas) for a randomized community controlled trial. To accomplish these aims, we have submitted five linked R21 proposals from investigators representing four countries. Each investigator will simultaneously conduct a thorough qualitative and quantitative feasibility investigation adapted from methods used in the National Institute on Drug Abuse's (NIDA's) Rapid Policy Assessment and Response (RPAR) projects. In each site, data collection will include secondary data review;key informant interviews with pharmacists, IDUs, and other stakeholders;and cross-sectional surveys of both IDUs and pharmacists. The overarching goal of this coordinated data collection will be to assess the feasibility of a future multinational RCCI-Trial of a pharmacy-based HIV prevention intervention for IDUs.

Public Health Relevance

This research seeks to provide evidence supporting an expanded role for pharmacists as public health practitioners in the realm of HIV prevention for injection drug users globally, going beyond mere sales to customer engagement aimed at improved well-being. The public's health will benefit from this study in that the outcome will facilitate the development of partnerships between pharmacists, clinicians, and other public health service providers that provide HIV prevention services to injection drug users in resource-poor settings. Findings could lead to increased access to HIV care and treatment, as well as reduced HIV risk and secondary transmission.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Type
Exploratory/Developmental Grants (R21)
Project #
1R21DA024966-01A1
Application #
7618997
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1-AARR-G (53))
Program Officer
Jenkins, Richard A
Project Start
2009-01-15
Project End
2010-12-31
Budget Start
2009-01-15
Budget End
2009-12-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2009
Total Cost
$183,509
Indirect Cost
Name
Research Triangle Institute
Department
Type
DUNS #
004868105
City
Research Triangle
State
NC
Country
United States
Zip Code
27709
Rose, Valerie J; Lutnick, Alexandra; Kral, Alex H (2014) Feasibility of providing interventions for injection drug users in pharmacy settings: a case study among San Francisco pharmacists. J Psychoactive Drugs 46:226-32
Lutnick, Alexandra; Cooper, Erin; Dodson, Chaka et al. (2013) Pharmacy syringe purchase test of nonprescription syringe sales in San Francisco and Los Angeles in 2010. J Urban Health 90:276-83
Shapiro, Brad J; Lynch, Kara L; Toochinda, Tab et al. (2013) Promethazine misuse among methadone maintenance patients and community-based injection drug users. J Addict Med 7:96-101
Lutnick, Alexandra; Case, Patricia; Kral, Alex H (2012) Injection drug users' perspectives on placing HIV prevention and other clinical services in pharmacy settings. J Urban Health 89:354-64
Stopka, Thomas J; Lutnick, Alexandra; Wenger, Lynn D et al. (2012) Demographic, risk, and spatial factors associated with over-the-counter syringe purchase among injection drug users. Am J Epidemiol 176:14-23
DiFrancesco, Robin; Rosenkranz, Susan; Mukherjee, A Lisa et al. (2010) Quality assessment for therapeutic drug monitoring in AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG 5146): a multicenter clinical trial. Ther Drug Monit 32:458-66
Kral, Alex H; Garfein, Richard S (2010) Evaluating a statewide pilot syringe access program for injection drug users through pharmacies in California. J Urban Health 87:531-3