Medications to help treat addiction exist for many major drugs of abuse, but not for psychostimulants, such as amphetamine, and its congeners. They are also lacking for increasingly used synthetic drugs designed to mimic the actions of known psychostimulants. Both known and new psychoactive substances continue to pose a major and increasing public health threat. To develop effective treatments, the mechanisms by which these stimulants produce their abuse-related effects need to be fully understood. Many stimulants interact with the dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT), which is thought to mediate their abuse-related effects. However, strategies targeting DAT have yielded little to no benefit in the treatment of psychostimulant addiction, raising the possibility that these stimulants have significant actions elsewhere to modulate dopaminergic neurotransmission. Consistent with this, a rapidly growing literature supports a prominent role for organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3) in regulating dopaminergic neurotransmission. Our preliminary data support this idea, showing that an OCT3 inhibitor, decynium-22 (D22), inhibits amphetamine-evoked hyperlocomotion and DA release in vivo, effects that were lost in constitutive OCT3 knockout (KO, -/-) mice. Furthermore, amphetamine-induced substrate efflux could be inhibited by D22 in a manner independent of cocaine-sensitive transporters. These data raise the exciting possibility that OCT3 is a critical player in the actions of amphetamine, which may help to explain why DAT-based therapeutics have not been successful in treating amphetamine abuse. Our intention is to submit an R01 to build on these exciting findings, but before doing so, additional preliminary data are needed. First, we need to determine if potential compensation in constitutive OCT3-/- mice accounts for the lack of difference in their locomotor and DA releasing responses to amphetamine compared with wild-type (OCT3+/+) mice. To do this, OCT3 floxed mice have recently been generated at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA). We will cross these mice with a commercially available Cre line to generate a tamoxifen inducible global OCT3 KO. In this way, we can temporally control OCT3 KO, and in future studies, use different Cre lines to create brain region specific inducible KOs. We will use these mice to test the hypothesis that amphetamine-induced DA release, locomotion, and stereotypy will be attenuated in inducible OCT3 KO mice compared with control mice. Moreover, if OCT3 is to be a useful target in the treatment of amphetamine abuse, we need to demonstrate that OCT3 is important in mediating the rewarding and reinforcing effects of amphetamine. To this end, we will use conditioned place preference (CPP), and self-administration in mice to test the hypotheses that the rewarding and reinforcing effects of amphetamine are less in inducible OCT3 KO mice than control mice, and that D22 will attenuate development of CPP to amphetamine and amphetamine self-administration in control mice, but not in the inducible OCT3 KO. These proposed studies will provide data essential for an R01 submission, and will begin to fill crucial knowledge gaps about the role of OCT3 in abuse-related effects of amphetamine.
Medications to treat addiction exist for many drugs of abuse, but not for amphetamine-type stimulants, which include amphetamine, methamphetamine and the increasingly popular new psychoactive substances such as synthetic cathinones, also knowns as ?bath salts? and ?legal highs?. Amphetamine-type stimulants are among the most commonly abused, afflicting approximately 56 million people between the ages of 15 and 64 worldwide, creating a major public health burden, and underscoring a vital need to find effective treatments. The proposed studies will explore a previously unknown mechanism of action of amphetamine-type drugs, with the goal to investigate this mechanism as a novel target for the development of effective treatments for amphetamine-type drug abuse.
