Inherited genomic variability is one of the major causes of inter-individual variability in drug response. Even for those genes and drugs for which there is clearly clinical utility to use genetic testing as one tool to improve prescribing, use of pharmacogenetic testing in the clinic has not been rapidly adopted. The goal of the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) is to accelerate proper use of pharmacogenomic tests in the clinic. CPIC was formed in late 2009 as a shared project between PharmGKB and NIH's Pharmacogenomics Research Network (PGRN). CPIC addresses what has been one of the major barriers to clinical implementation of pharmacogenetic tests: the lack of freely available, peer-reviewed, updatable, and detailed gene/drug clinical practice guidelines. CPIC guidelines enable the translation of genetic laboratory test results into actionable prescribing decisions for specific drugs, centering on genes or drugs. Priority is given to gene/drug groupings for which the evidence for actionable prescribing is strongest. Following peer-review, CPIC guidelines are simultaneously published in a leading journal and posted to PharmGKB. A key assumption underlying CPIC guidelines is that as clinical genomic testing expands, clinicians are faced with uncertainty about how to use genetic test results, even if they have not explicitly ordered a test for a specific drug. Thus, CPIC guidelines help clinicians understand how to use available genetic test results to guide prescribing and do not focus on whether to order genetic tests. Each CPIC guideline adheres to a standard format that includes which variants define alleles, assignment of function to alleles, translation of diplotypes into phenotypes, prescribing recommendations (graded according to strength), graded evidence to support prescribing recommendations, allele frequencies world-wide, and algorithms and example language for clinical decision support. As of August 2014, CPIC has published 19 guidelines or updates, encompassing 31 drugs. The guidelines are widely cited, accessed, and downloaded, and are being used by leading external groups. Going forward, this resource will accomplish its goals via two specific aims.
In Aim 1, CPIC will continue its work to select, create curate, and update CPIC guidelines (7-14/year) for all clinically actionable gene/drug groupings, and selectively expand the guidelines to include definitive clinical recommendations for non- actionable drugs linked to otherwise actionable genes.
In Aim 2, CPIC will enhance access to and input into guidelines by external groups such as NIGMS's PGRN, NHGRI's Genomic Medicine Working group, AHRQ's www.guidelines.gov, NIH's Genetic Test Registry, PubMed, FDA, NHGRI's ClinGen, IOM's Genomic Medicine Roundtable, and professional societies by systematically evaluating community usage of CPIC guidelines on an ongoing basis to respond to the community and make enhancements as needed. Besides providing critical resources needed by the clinical pharmacogenomics community, CPIC guidelines provide proof of principle methods and processes that may be useful for other use cases in clinical implementation of genomic medicine.

Public Health Relevance

The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) is a critical enabling resource for researchers in pharmacogenetics and precision medicine. CPIC creates and disseminates freely-available peer reviewed guidelines to facilitate use of clinical genetic test results to improve prescribing.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Resource-Related Research Projects (R24)
Project #
1R24GM115264-01
Application #
8931457
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZGM1)
Program Officer
Long, Rochelle M
Project Start
2015-07-01
Project End
2018-06-30
Budget Start
2015-07-01
Budget End
2016-06-30
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
Department
Type
DUNS #
067717892
City
Memphis
State
TN
Country
United States
Zip Code
38105
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Phillips, Elizabeth J; Sukasem, Chonlaphat; Whirl-Carrillo, Michelle et al. (2018) Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for HLA Genotype and Use of Carbamazepine and Oxcarbazepine: 2017 Update. Clin Pharmacol Ther 103:574-581
Bank, P C D; Caudle, K E; Swen, J J et al. (2018) Comparison of the Guidelines of the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium and the Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group. Clin Pharmacol Ther 103:599-618
Caudle, Kelly E; Keeling, Nicholas J; Klein, Teri E et al. (2018) Standardization can accelerate the adoption of pharmacogenomics: current status and the path forward. Pharmacogenomics 19:847-860
Lavertu, Adam; McInnes, Greg; Daneshjou, Roxana et al. (2018) Pharmacogenomics and big genomic data: from lab to clinic and back again. Hum Mol Genet 27:R72-R78
Goetz, Matthew P; Sangkuhl, Katrin; Guchelaar, Henk-Jan et al. (2018) Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2D6 and Tamoxifen Therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 103:770-777
Amstutz, Ursula; Henricks, Linda M; Offer, Steven M et al. (2018) Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Genotype and Fluoropyrimidine Dosing: 2017 Update. Clin Pharmacol Ther 103:210-216
Haidar, Cyrine E; Hoffman, James M; Gammal, Roseann S et al. (2017) Development of a postgraduate year 2 pharmacy residency in clinical pharmacogenetics. Am J Health Syst Pharm 74:409-415
Bell, G C; Caudle, K E; Whirl-Carrillo, M et al. (2017) Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for CYP2D6 genotype and use of ondansetron and tropisetron. Clin Pharmacol Ther 102:213-218
Hicks, J K; Sangkuhl, K; Swen, J J et al. (2017) Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guideline (CPIC) for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotypes and dosing of tricyclic antidepressants: 2016 update. Clin Pharmacol Ther 102:37-44

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