The primary goal of this research is to employ observational methods to explore the development of anger expression in peer interactions during middle childhood and early adolescence, and to examine carefully the role of gender and social context. Children who express anger inappropriately are at risk of a variety of psychological disorders, both internalizing and externalizing (Parker & Asher, 1987). However, earlier investigations of aggression have focused on forms of behavior that are more common among boys and social contents where boys behaviors are more likely to be salient (Fry & Gabriel, 1994; Crick & Grotpeter, 1995). Therefore it is not surprising that these constructs serve as better predictors of later outcomes for boys than girls. Observational research on the broad range of ways that girls and boys express anger across a variety of settings would likely help psychologists better understand long-term social adjustment and devise intervention programs for all children who behave aggressively or have difficulty being appropriately assertive. In an investigation currently underway, child participants interact with a same-gender actor in the context of a computer game, where the game is programmed to give the advantage to the actor who is trained to make provoking remarks while winning. These studies will extend this earlier observational research on anger expression in several important ways. Using the method described above, study One will examine anger expression in cross-gender pairs. Study Two will employ a laboratory task that a) seems more consonant with the social concerns of girls than a competitive computer game, and b) pilot research shows elicits more subtle forms with an actor, who has been trained to be provoking by calling attention to herself, making obnoxious comments, and disrupting the game. Because it seems important to determine whether more subtle forms of anger expression are evident in both boys and girls interactions, the design of Study Two will include both male and female pairs of best friends, and provocation by a same and opposite-gender peer. For Study Three, a laboratory task will be observed. Based on findings from the earlier laboratory studies, Study Four will develop methods for naturalistic observation of forms of anger and aggression that are common among girls and boys, in a variety of settings where girls and boys behaviors may be evident.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Type
First Independent Research Support & Transition (FIRST) Awards (R29)
Project #
5R29MH055992-05
Application #
6186360
Study Section
Child/Adolescent Risk and Prevention Review Committee (CAPR)
Program Officer
Tuma, Farris K
Project Start
1996-09-30
Project End
2001-06-30
Budget Start
2000-07-01
Budget End
2001-06-30
Support Year
5
Fiscal Year
2000
Total Cost
$105,952
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Texas-Dallas
Department
Type
Other Domestic Higher Education
DUNS #
800188161
City
Richardson
State
TX
Country
United States
Zip Code
75080
Underwood, Marion K; Scott, Bertrina L; Galperin, Mikal B et al. (2004) An observational study of social exclusion under varied conditions: gender and developmental differences. Child Dev 75:1538-55