AR-12 is an IND approved, COX-2 inhibitor derived drug that affects pathogen host cells by primarily up- regulating autophagy. In vitro, AR-12 has shown broad spectrum efficacy on several bacterial strains including S. typhimurium, F. tularensis (Schu S4, LVS), and F. novicida. In vivo, AR-12 given i.v. reduced organ bacterial 10-fold compared to untreated controls, but did not prevent host death due to typhoid fever. AR-12 concentrations were limited with in vivo application because the of the drug's hydrophobicity. To overcome solubility issues, we propose encapsulating AR-12 in acetalated dextran (Ac-DEX) particles that passively target the host cell. Ac-DEX is an acid sensitive polymer with tunable release kinetics that will release drug in the phagocyte's phagosome, due to the lower pH present. There are 3 aims for the R21 portion of this proposal.
The first aim i s to manufacture and characterize two types of Ac-DEX particles that encapsulate AR- 12: 1) a nanoparticle (NP) for i.v. or i.p. injection that is at the ideal size for passively targeting macrophages (500-1,000 nm);2) a porous microparticle (PMP) that is ideal size (5-15 ?m) for inhalation via the nose (i.n.) and penetration to the nasal associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). These particles will be manufactured, imaged through scanning electron microscopy, and characterized for drug loading through fluorescence spectroscopy.
The second aim i s to evaluate the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of unencapsulated AR-12 against drug susceptible and multidrug resistant M. tuberculosis (MDR TB) and encapsulated AR-12 against TB, F. tularensis (Schu S4), and S. typhimurium in human macrophages. Macrophages will be infected with one of three bacteria and treated with AR-12. Cell associated bacteria and CFUs will be evaluated to determine both the MIC and MBC. The MIC and MBC determined for F. tularensis will be used in Aim 3 for in vivo treatment with encapsulated AR-12 administered i.v. and i.p. with NPs, and i.n. with PMPs. A dosing study will be used to identify the best route and dosage (MIC, MBC, 10xMBC) by evaluating organ CFUs when administered at a comparable timing and frequency to traditional antibiotic regimens. The optimum route and dose will be used for an in depth treatment evaluation of organ CFUs, histopathology, blood cytokine levels and survival. The milestones for progress to the R33 portion of the grant will be 1) encapsulation of AR-12 in Ac-DEX particles;2) reduced macrophage associated M. tuberculosis with AR-12 treatment;3) Increased survival and decreased organ bacterial load with AR-12 treatment of F. tularensis, in vivo. The R33 phase of this grant also has 3 specific aims.
Aim 4 and 5 are to evaluate encapsulated AR-12 treatment in vivo against S. typhimurium, and TB, respectively in a manner similar to Aim 3.
Aim 6 is to evaluate the immunotoxicity of encapsulated AR-12 and to progress encapsulated AR-12 towards IND approval. These studies will help to develop and characterize a new broad spectrum antibiotic and delivery platform that targets host cells.

Public Health Relevance

Therapies that target the host cell rather than the bacteria, which traditional antibiotics primarily focus, can help to combat pathogens that have drug resistance. AR-12 is an antibiotic that has shown broad spectrum activity against multiple bacterial pathogens by primarily effecting the infected host cell. We propose to further evaluate AR-12 in animal models against bacteria that cause salmonella, tularemia, drug susceptible tuberculosis and multi-drug resistant tuberculosis.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Exploratory/Developmental Grants Phase II (R33)
Project #
4R33AI102252-03
Application #
8856936
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (NSS)
Program Officer
Franceschi, Francois J
Project Start
2014-08-15
Project End
2017-07-31
Budget Start
2014-08-15
Budget End
2015-07-31
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
$307,589
Indirect Cost
$54,230
Name
University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
Department
Pharmacology
Type
Schools of Pharmacy
DUNS #
608195277
City
Chapel Hill
State
NC
Country
United States
Zip Code
27599
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Duong, Anthony D; Collier, Michael A; Bachelder, Eric M et al. (2016) One Step Encapsulation of Small Molecule Drugs in Liposomes via Electrospray-Remote Loading. Mol Pharm 13:92-9
Hoang, Ky V; Curry, Heather; Collier, Michael A et al. (2016) Needle-Free Delivery of Acetalated Dextran-Encapsulated AR-12 Protects Mice from Francisella tularensis Lethal Challenge. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 60:2052-62
Hoang, Ky V; Borteh, Hassan M; Rajaram, Murugesan V S et al. (2014) Acetalated dextran encapsulated AR-12 as a host-directed therapy to control Salmonella infection. Int J Pharm 477:334-43
Collier, Michael A; Gallovic, Matthew D; Peine, Kevin J et al. (2013) Delivery of host cell-directed therapeutics for intracellular pathogen clearance. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 11:1225-35