An immediate goal of this research is to determine the series of large conformational changes in E. coli ?70 RNA polymerase (RNAP) and promoter DNA that convert the initial specific (closed) complex to an unstable open complex and at some promoters subsequently stabilize this initial open complex. These conformational changes include large-scale bending, wrapping and opening of promoter DNA and hinge-bending, coupled folding and assembly of mobile elements of RNAP. An understanding of these conformational changes and their role in the initiation mechanism is necessary to understand regulation of initiation by promoter sequence and transcription factors, and to design new antibiotics. Techniques used in this laboratory to study the kinetics and characterize these conformational changes include fast footprinting and filter binding assays with radiolabeled DNA using rapid quench mixing, stopped flow fluorescence kinetic methods (FRET, PIFE) with cyanine-dye labeled DNA, and determination and interpretation of solute and salt effects on rate and equilibrium constants of mechanistic steps. Solute and salt effects on rate constants provide information about conformational changes and interactions in forming transition states, a source of mechanistic information not available by other methods. RNAP ?70 region 1 variants and promoter truncation variants are compared with wild-type RNAP and full-length promoters. We are testing the hypotheses that the rate of open complex formation is regulated by promoter-specific differences in the fraction of the ensemble of closed complexes that are sufficiently advanced to open, with the downstream duplex bent into the active site cleft. A second immediate goal of this research is to obtain the thermodynamic information on the interactions of key biochemical solutes with model compounds displaying protein and nucleic acid functional groups that is needed to interpret solute effects on rate and equilibrium constants and characterize transition states and intermediates. Vapor pressure osmometry and solubility assays are used to quantify preferential interactions of small solutes including urea and other amides, glycerol and other polyols, osmolytes including glycine betaine, proline, and trehalose, and the series of Hofmeister salts (from GuHSCN to Na2SO4) with model compounds displaying the functional groups of biopolymers. Novel analyses of these data are being used to quantify interactions of these solutes with the functional groups of nucleic acids and proteins, and interactions between individual functional groups. As tests of the use of solutes to determine mechanisms, solute effects on the kinetics of forming a lac repression complex and of opening and stabilizing the RNA polymerase (RNAP)- promoter initiation complex are being determined and interpreted in terms of mechanism. From determinations of group-group interactions, new quantitative information is obtained about the hydrophobic (C-C) effect, amideN-amideO hydrogen bonding, and cation-?, -CH-? and amideO-amideC (n-?*) interactions in water.

Public Health Relevance

The mechanism of formation and stabilization of the open promoter complex by E. coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) must be determined to understand regulation of transcription initiation by sequence and factors, and to design new generations of antibiotics. Because bacterial RNAP are highly conserved, this research is relevant for regulation of initiation in bacteria, including virulent gene pathways. The proposed development and use of biochemical solutes as probes of mechanisms of lac repression and open complex formation is providing new information about transition states, intermediates and mechanism not otherwise available.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Unknown (R35)
Project #
3R35GM118100-01S1
Application #
9282883
Study Section
Program Officer
Sledjeski, Darren D
Project Start
2016-06-01
Project End
2021-05-31
Budget Start
2016-06-01
Budget End
2017-05-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2016
Total Cost
$33,267
Indirect Cost
$721
Name
University of Wisconsin Madison
Department
Biochemistry
Type
Schools of Earth Sciences/Natur
DUNS #
161202122
City
Madison
State
WI
Country
United States
Zip Code
53715
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Cheng, Xian; Shkel, Irina A; O'Connor, Kevin et al. (2017) Experimental Atom-by-Atom Dissection of Amide-Amide and Amide-Hydrocarbon Interactions in H2O. J Am Chem Soc 139:9885-9894
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