The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of AIDS, is a complex retrovirus with levels of control imparted by regulatory and accessory proteins not found in simple retroviruses. it is important to continue to study the accessory proteins because they offer potential antiviral targets,because they teach us novel steps in HIV replication, and because they offer a window into control of normal host cell processes. In recent years it has also become clear that HIV accessory proteins serve as counter-measures to innate cellular antiviral mechanisms. This grant focuses on the interaction of the host cell with viral accessory proteins. In this proposal, we seek to understand the selective advantage that cell cycle arrest by the viralprotein Vpr confers on HIV. We will critically test the hypothesis that the selection for G2 arrest is influenced by cell cycle stage, virus production, and cell half-life using competition experiments and a smallmolecule inhibitor of Vpr function. We will also continue our study of the mechanism of cell cycle arrest by Vpr through its interaction with host cell proteins. In addition, Vpr interacts with a host cell DNA repair enzyme called Uracil DNA Glycosidase (UNG). Since UNG participates in the hypermutations induced by the Apobec3 proteins that are the target of the viral Vif protein, we will seek to understand the intersection of tbe Vpr and Vif pathways and will determine the role of UNG in the viral life cycle and the role of DNA repair in HIV hypermutation. Finally, we have begun to apply an evolutionary biology approach to understanding HIV host cell interactions by studying the positive selection of antiviral genes (the Apobec3 family) during primate evolution. This work will be extended by studying the evolution of other members of this family of antiviral genes, and by evaluating the evolution of Vif among the primate lentiviruses through phylogenetic and functional analysis of its adaptation to Apobec3 proteins in primates. It is anticipated that these: results will allow us to more fully understand the interaction of the virus with its host.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Method to Extend Research in Time (MERIT) Award (R37)
Project #
5R37AI030927-19
Application #
7623921
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (NSS)
Program Officer
Young, Janet M
Project Start
1991-08-01
Project End
2011-04-30
Budget Start
2009-05-01
Budget End
2010-04-30
Support Year
19
Fiscal Year
2009
Total Cost
$499,655
Indirect Cost
Name
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Department
Type
DUNS #
078200995
City
Seattle
State
WA
Country
United States
Zip Code
98109
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OhAinle, Molly; Kerns, Julie A; Li, Melody M H et al. (2008) Antiretroelement activity of APOBEC3H was lost twice in recent human evolution. Cell Host Microbe 4:249-59
Lin, Tsai-Yu; Emerman, Michael (2008) Determinants of cyclophilin A-dependent TRIM5 alpha restriction against HIV-1. Virology 379:335-41
Sawyer, Sara L; Emerman, Michael; Malik, Harmit S (2007) Discordant evolution of the adjacent antiretroviral genes TRIM22 and TRIM5 in mammals. PLoS Pathog 3:e197
Voronin, Yegor; Chohan, Bhavna; Emerman, Michael et al. (2007) Primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are usually dominated by the major variants found in blood. J Virol 81:10232-41
Yamashita, Masahiro; Emerman, Michael (2006) Retroviral infection of non-dividing cells: old and new perspectives. Virology 344:88-93

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