Transplantation is the preferred mode of therapy for many forms of end-stage organ disease. Success in transplantation has been built around therapeutic approaches to control the T cell-dependent process of rejection. Current therapies control rejection but cause numerous non-immune toxicities. In the past few years the concept of controlling rejection with more immuno-selective approaches by targeting T cell costimulatory pathways has shown promise in clinical trials. While very effective in many experimental rejection models, it is widely recognized that costimulation blockade approaches targeting CD28 and/or CD40 do not uniformly control rejection responses. As these strategies progress in clinical trials the need to dissect the mechanisms by which T cells can escape blockade of these pathways becomes more pressing. Over the past several years, the Programmed Differentiation Model has emerged as a new paradigm to understand T cell responses. This model is based on evidence that after a brief period of antigenic stimulation, T cells become committed to a program of autonomous clonal expansion of several rounds of cell division and differentiation into effector cells. However, T cell programs are flexible and can be altered by the initial priming conditions and by extrinsic factors during the execution of the program. Two findings of particular relevance to transplantation are recent studies indicating 1) that the initial precursor frequency of the responding population is a powerful influence on the program and that high initial CD8+ T cell frequencies can convert helper dependent responses into helper-independent and costimulation- independent responses, and 2) that both IL-2 and IFN? can play critical roles during the antigen-independent expansion/differentiation phase of the CD8+ T cell program. Experimental evidence suggest that between 0.1-10% of a naive individual's T cell repertoire is capable of reacting with alloantigens, a figure that is 2-3 logs greater than the estimated precursor frequency of virus- specific T cell responses. The central hypothesis of this proposal is that variation in the initial precursor frequencies of donor-reactive CD4 and/or CD8 T cells is a critical determinant in the susceptibility or resistance to CD28/CD40 costimulation blockade induced graft acceptance. ? ? ?

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Method to Extend Research in Time (MERIT) Award (R37)
Project #
2R37AI040519-11
Application #
7202138
Study Section
Transplantation, Tolerance, and Tumor Immunology (TTT)
Program Officer
Kehn, Patricia J
Project Start
1996-12-01
Project End
2011-12-31
Budget Start
2007-01-01
Budget End
2007-12-31
Support Year
11
Fiscal Year
2007
Total Cost
$382,500
Indirect Cost
Name
Emory University
Department
Surgery
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
066469933
City
Atlanta
State
GA
Country
United States
Zip Code
30322
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Krummey, Scott M; Martinez, Ryan J; Andargachew, Rakieb et al. (2016) Low-Affinity Memory CD8+ T Cells Mediate Robust Heterologous Immunity. J Immunol 196:2838-46
Adams, Andrew B; Ford, Mandy L; Larsen, Christian P (2016) Costimulation Blockade in Autoimmunity and Transplantation: The CD28 Pathway. J Immunol 197:2045-50
Krummey, Scott M; Chen, Ching-Wen; Guasch, Sara A et al. (2016) Enhanced Requirement for TNFR2 in Graft Rejection Mediated by Low-Affinity Memory CD8+ T Cells during Heterologous Immunity. J Immunol 197:2009-15
Badell, I R; Kitchens, W H; Wagener, M E et al. (2015) Pathogen Stimulation History Impacts Donor-Specific CD8(+) T Cell Susceptibility to Costimulation/Integrin Blockade-Based Therapy. Am J Transplant 15:3081-94
Krummey, Scott M; Ford, Mandy L (2015) New insights into T-cell cosignaling in allograft rejection and survival. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 20:43-8
Krummey, S M; Cheeseman, J A; Conger, J A et al. (2014) High CTLA-4 expression on Th17 cells results in increased sensitivity to CTLA-4 coinhibition and resistance to belatacept. Am J Transplant 14:607-14
Pinelli, D F; Wagener, M E; Liu, D et al. (2013) An anti-CD154 domain antibody prolongs graft survival and induces Foxp3(+) iTreg in the absence and presence of CTLA-4 Ig. Am J Transplant 13:3021-30
Kitchens, William H; Haridas, Divya; Wagener, Maylene E et al. (2012) Combined costimulatory and leukocyte functional antigen-1 blockade prevents transplant rejection mediated by heterologous immune memory alloresponses. Transplantation 93:997-1005
Kitchens, W H; Haridas, D; Wagener, M E et al. (2012) Integrin antagonists prevent costimulatory blockade-resistant transplant rejection by CD8(+) memory T cells. Am J Transplant 12:69-80

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