Recent studies have pointed to a role for G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR's) as markers of intestinal progenitor cells in the gastrointestinal tract, but specific receptor-ligand interactions that regulate the behavior and activity of gut stem cells have not previously been reported. Work from our group has demonstrated that the CCK-2/gastrin receptor (CCK2R), a well-characterized GPCR, is highly localized to the colonic crypts where it mediates responses to progastrin, the incompletely processed precursor of gastrin. Progastrin overexpression stimulates colonic epithelial proliferation, putative stem and progenitor cell expansion, crypt fission and colonic tumorigenesis in a manner that is CCK2R-dependent, and highly suggestive of quiescent stem cell modulation. In addition, studies from our laboratory has shown that progastrin can regulate key stem cell pathways such as BMP and Wnt, and has provided data that progastrin can bind to other GPCRs that may modulate responses to progastrin-CCK2R interactions. Thus, we hypothesize that CCK2R is expressed on a quiescent colonic stem cell and regulates activation and symmetric division of this stem cell. We propose to investigate progastrin receptors through the following three specific aims. (1). Investigate the role of CCK2R in colonic crypt progenitor cells in normal physiology and development. We will attempt to establish whether CCK2R is expressed on colon stem or progenitor cells using Cre-mediated lineage tracing. (2). Explore possible interactions between progastrin and amidated gastrin at the CCK2R. We will study signaling, cellular proliferation and histopathologic effects in the setting of one or several gastrin isoforms. (3). Study the role of other GPCRs in modulating progastrin responses, possible through interactions with the CCK2R. These interactions will be investigated using both in vitro cell line models as well as through additional knockout mice. (4). Clarify the mechanisms involved in the promotion of colonic carcinogenesis by progastrin-receptor interactions. We will investigate the role of two pathways - BMP and Wnt - that may be modulated by progastrin signaling and regulate colonic stem cell quiescence or symmetric division. CCK2R as a GPCR is an attractive therapeutic target, and since antagonism or deletion can inhibit colon carcinogenesis, these studies will not only provide insight into stem cell biology but may lead to new strategies for colon cancer prevention.
PUBLICAT HEALTH RELEVANCE STATEMENT Colon cancer is the third most common cancer in both men and women, and is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Most tumors are sustained by cancer stem cells, which arise due to expansion and transformation of normal stem or progenitor cells. Few targets have been identified in normal colonic stem cells that represent useful therapeutic targets for early intervention or prevention of cancer. The progastrin receptors (CCK2R and GPR56) have been localized to colonic stem or progenitor cells and prior preclinical studies by our group have suggested that CCK2R antagonism may represents a potentially effective approach for colon cancer prevention. The goal of this current work is to increase our understanding the biology of progastrin receptors in the colon, validating the cell specific localization and mechanism of these receptors, with the ultimate aim of bringing novel colon cancer prevention strategies to the bedside.
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