Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and largely unpredictable disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by autoimmune activity against the myelin sheath encapsulating CNS neurons, which results in death of the myelinating cells, known as oligodendrocytes, within the lesion site. Resultant demyelination, or degradation of the myelin sheath, is the major contributor to the disability and death caused by this disease. Currently approved therapies for MS are aimed at inhibition of the immune response, but do not address the need to promote remyelination, which is the fundamental step needed to restore functional deficits after MS lesion formation. Development of therapeutics that promote remyelination and prevent irreversible consequences leading to neuronal cell death is paramount to improving the quality of life and survival of MS patients. The CNS contains oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) that have the potential to differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes, which would then be capable of remyelination of denuded axons after an MS attack. However, myelin debris lingering at MS lesion sites inhibits the differentiation of OPCs into mature oligodendrocytes through a process that requires that activation of the small-GTPase Rho. The lack of functional, mature oligodendrocytes, and subsequent remyelination, exacerbates and perpetuates functional deficits that are the hallmark of MS. We have previously demonstrated that the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) is a novel receptor for myelin debris in the CNS. We have also shown in multiple cell types and in vivo models that RAP significantly attenuates activation of RhoA. More recent studies have demonstrated that genetic deletion of LRP1 in OPCs promotes remyelination in vivo, in rodent models of MS, indicating that LRP1 is a novel facilitator of myelin-mediated OPC suppression of differentiation. The ability of LRP1 deletion to enhance OPC differentiation of myelin production combined with the documented capacity of the LRP1 antagonist RAP to attenuate activation of RhoA indicate that RAP is a novel and exciting therapeutic candidate for enhancement of remyelination after MS lesion. As such, RAP is an important candidate to bring through pre-clinical proof-of-concept testing as a high-value potential therapeutic for restoring myelination and neuronal function after MS attack.
Disability and death in multiple sclerosis result from neuronal damage that arises from demyelination. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) have the ability to infiltrate areas of demylination and remyelinate denuded axons, thereby preventing neuronal damage and reversing disability, but their differentiation into mature myelinating oligodendrocytes is inhibited by debris within the lesion site. The goal of this project is to testthe ability of RAP to overcome the suppression of differentiation and restore myelination, thereby overcoming the functional deficits that result from neuronal damage and loss.
| Fernandez-Castaneda, Anthony; Gaultier, Alban (2016) Adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells - Multifaceted regulators of the CNS in health and disease. Brain Behav Immun 57:1-7 |
