We propose to fill a crucial gap in our knowledge of how influenza is transmitted by characterizing the virus aerosols generated from the respiratory tract of persons naturally infected with human influenza and concurrently determine the ability of readily available personal protective equipment (masks) to mitigate transmission of these infectious particles at the source of generation. Pandemic influenza in 1918, 1957, and 1968 produced widespread morbidity and mortality; in 1918 extensive infection resulted in disruption within communities and breakdown of essential services. Current strategies for limiting a pandemic include use of vaccines, antiviral medications, and because of the lag time for vaccine production, limited supply of antivirals, and explosive pandemic transmission, widespread application of social distancing is also anticipated. Designing effective social distancing interventions requires detailed knowledge of the mechanisms of influenza transmission. Epidemiologic and experimental evidence suggests that influenza is transmitted to a large degree via the airborne route. However, no definitive information is available on the size distribution or rate of infectious particle release by influenza patients, and no studies have examined how to control release or dissemination of influenza aerosols. This project addresses community mitigation and protective measures directed at the spread of influenza virus. The results of this study will have implications on simple and low tech interventions applicable in both the United States and countries in other stages of development. This project is organized around tests of the following hypotheses: (1) Exhaled breath of influenza patients contains airborne viral particles and the size and number of infectious particles is a function of respiratory maneuver (tidal breathing, talking, coughing). (2) Infectious particles have relatively large aerodynamic diameters as they exit the nose and mouth, and surgical masks worn by infected patients can capture a significant portion them. The information gathered by this project will provide a firm scientific basis for effective public health interventions that will be necessary during potential upcoming influenza pandemics to protect communities and prevent widespread economic and social disruption while limiting the spread of infection.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Center for Infectious Diseases (CID)
Type
Research Project--Cooperative Agreements (U01)
Project #
5U01CI000446-02
Application #
7288746
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZCI1-FXR (13))
Program Officer
Messmer, Trudy
Project Start
2006-09-30
Project End
2009-09-29
Budget Start
2007-09-30
Budget End
2009-09-29
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2007
Total Cost
$256,447
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Massachusetts Lowell
Department
Miscellaneous
Type
Schools of Earth Sciences/Natur
DUNS #
956072490
City
Lowell
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
01854
McDevitt, James J; Koutrakis, Petros; Ferguson, Stephen T et al. (2013) Development and Performance Evaluation of an Exhaled-Breath Bioaerosol Collector for Influenza Virus. Aerosol Sci Technol 47:444-451
Milton, Donald K; Fabian, M Patricia; Cowling, Benjamin J et al. (2013) Influenza virus aerosols in human exhaled breath: particle size, culturability, and effect of surgical masks. PLoS Pathog 9:e1003205
Fabian, Patricia; Brain, Joseph; Houseman, E Andres et al. (2011) Origin of exhaled breath particles from healthy and human rhinovirus-infected subjects. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 24:137-47
Fabian, P; McDevitt, J J; Houseman, E A et al. (2009) Airborne influenza virus detection with four aerosol samplers using molecular and infectivity assays: considerations for a new infectious virus aerosol sampler. Indoor Air 19:433-41
Fabian, Patricia; McDevitt, James Joseph; Lee, Wai-Ming et al. (2009) An optimized method to detect influenza virus and human rhinovirus from exhaled breath and the airborne environment. J Environ Monit 11:314-7
Fabian, Patricia; McDevitt, James J; DeHaan, Wesley H et al. (2008) Influenza virus in human exhaled breath: an observational study. PLoS One 3:e2691