Tissue engineered organs or functional tissue-like ensembles contribute significantly to our understanding of cellular niches that allow cells to migrate, develop and mature in three dimensions (3-D). Conventional two- dimensional (2-D) mammalian cell culture does not represent the physiological environments that form the basis for normal cell function. A 3-D environment promotes isotropic cell-cell communications, provides extracellular guidance from structural matrix scaffolding, and allows spatiotemporal remodelling. Our specific interest is in investigating the effects of microgravity on heart function with the use of Engineered Heart Tissues (EHTs). Since these tissue engineering platforms support multicellular architecture from a ?bottom-up? approach, it is critical to understand the mechanisms of heart development from a primordial state. Although animal models are used widely to investigate biological responses to therapeutics, inherent differences between human and animal biology combined with the unlikelihood of animals developing a human disease limit the ability to validate research findings. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have emerged as an indispensable tool to drive cells from an embryonic state to any somatic cell type. Our laboratory?s focus and expertise in generating hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) and modelling of cardiomyopathies has yielded deeper insight into several rare and common causes of heart failure. To maintain a tissue-specific microenvironment, dissociated cells must be cultured in a physiologically relevant 3-D extracellular matrix (ECM). In the first phase (UG3), we will generate hiPSC-CMs from healthy patients belonging to diverse racial groups (Caucasians, Hispanics, and African Americans). The hiPSC-CMs will be used to fabricate our well-characterized EHT platforms, to understand cellular mechanisms that affect cardiac function both under microgravity and earth?s gravity. Alterations in cardiac function due to weakened heart muscles in the samples exposed to microgravity will be matched with molecular and electrophysiological disease patterns observed in ischemic cardiomyopathy. In the second phase (UH3), the well-characterized microgravity-induced disease phenotype will be translated on Heart Tissue Arrays (HTA) to screen for potential drug candidates in a high-throughput manner. The proposed study will for the first time reveal key functional and molecular differences that drive phenotypic changes in heart tissues on EHT assemblies under influence of microgravity.
Understanding the effects of extreme environments such as space travel on human heart tissues is hampered by the lack of physiologically relevant in vitro models that can mimic clinical conditions from the patient?s own cells. Patient-derived human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes self-assembled into multicellular, three-dimensional structures in a physiologically relevant extracellular matrix offer an excellent surrogate to recapitulate normal physiology and disease. In this UG3/UH3 proposal, we aim to generate an ethnically diverse heart tissue array for drug screening in patient groups that manifest severe phenotype after exposure to microgravity in space.
