Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. Prevention of HAIs is a national priority for patient safety and best practice because of their high morbidity, mortality, and cost, incurring over $6.5 billion dollars of healthcare costs each year. Most infections result from common bacteria that normally live on the skin or in the nose and which overcome the body's normal defenses because of invasive medical devices, surgical incisions, or the physiologic effects of hospitalization. Studies in intensive care units (ICUs) indicate that decolonization of patients'skin with chlorhexidine, and nares with mupirocin can prevent many HAIs. However, evidence is lacking about the effectiveness of decolonization in non-ICU settings, where the majority of HAIs occur, and where medical care, risk of infection, patient-to-patient interactions, pathogen transmission, and bathing practices differ considerably from ICU settings. Decolonization is thus rarely used in these settings, despite its potential to meaningfully decrease the HAI rate. The ABATE Infection Trial (Addressing Bioburden while Admitted To Eliminate Infection) will efficiently evaluate the impact of decolonization on HAIs in the general patient population outside ICUs. This cluster- randomized trial will randomize 50 hospitals treating nearly 400,000 patients to evaluate 1) universal daily chlorhexidine bathing to prevent infections from all pathogens, combined with 2) nasal decolonization with mupirocin for known carriers of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), one of the most common causes of HAIs. While decolonization has been successful in short-stay high risk areas, such as ICUs, this trial will address the much larger problem of HAIs in non-ICU medical and surgical wards. This patient population has typically not been evaluated because the complexity and cost of sufficiently large randomized trials to demonstrate effectiveness have been beyond the reach of conventional hospital-based trials. This trial will provide a critically needed evaluation of decolonization to reduce hospital infection risk and infectious readmissions in nearly all hospitalized patients. It will provide essential information to determine whether routine decolonization through daily bathing with chlorhexidine should become standard practice for 40 million patients hospitalized each year in the United States alone. Alternatively, it will suggest that tailored strategies distinct from those effective in ICU settings are needed for these patient outside ICUs. This trial will also illustrate the strengths of a new model of clinical effectivenes research that quickly and efficiently addresses critical management questions by embedding research into the usual delivery of health care, and using the organizational and informatics strengths of a large hospital system.

Public Health Relevance

Healthcare-associated infections are one of the ten most frequent causes of death in the United States and incur over $6.5 billion dollars of healthcare costs each year. Although most prevention trials have focused on intensive care unit (ICUs), where the daily risk for infection is the highest, the majority of healthcare- associated infection occur outside of ICUs. This cluster-randomized controlled trial will evaluate whether bathing non-ICU patients with antimicrobial soap prevents healthcare-associated infections and the readmissions they cause.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Center for Complementary & Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)
Type
Exploratory/Developmental Cooperative Agreement Phase I (UH2)
Project #
3UH2AT007769-01S1
Application #
8719445
Study Section
Program Officer
Khalsa, Partap Singh
Project Start
2012-09-30
Project End
2013-12-31
Budget Start
2012-09-30
Budget End
2013-12-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2013
Total Cost
$199,535
Indirect Cost
$27,000
Name
University of California Irvine
Department
Internal Medicine/Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
046705849
City
Irvine
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
92697
Weinfurt, Kevin P; Hernandez, Adrian F; Coronado, Gloria D et al. (2017) Pragmatic clinical trials embedded in healthcare systems: generalizable lessons from the NIH Collaboratory. BMC Med Res Methodol 17:144
Simon, Gregory E; Coronado, Gloria; DeBar, Lynn L et al. (2017) Data Sharing and Embedded Research. Ann Intern Med 167:668-670
Kleinman, Ken; Huang, Susan S (2016) Calculating Power by Bootstrap, with an Application to Cluster-Randomized Trials. EGEMS (Wash DC) 4:1202
Cook, Andrea J; Delong, Elizabeth; Murray, David M et al. (2016) Statistical lessons learned for designing cluster randomized pragmatic clinical trials from the NIH Health Care Systems Collaboratory Biostatistics and Design Core. Clin Trials 13:504-12
Richesson, Rachel L; Hammond, W Ed; Nahm, Meredith et al. (2013) Electronic health records based phenotyping in next-generation clinical trials: a perspective from the NIH Health Care Systems Collaboratory. J Am Med Inform Assoc 20:e226-31