Systematic analyses of transcripts in early embryogenesis by the group of Dr. M. Ko in our Laboratory have uncovered a relative dearth of X-linked genes. Nevertheless, some X-linked genes show prominent effects in early development. Three of these have been chosen for special study. One turns out to be a member of the Bex family, Bex-3, that has not been previously isolated. The transcribed sequence is 789 bp in length and encodes a protein of 124 residues with a CAAX motif at its C-terminal end. It appears in a single cDNA and Northern species of 1.1 kb. Expression declines after the fetal period, but adult mouse and human show sustained expression in several organs, including brain, testis and ovary. The putative Bex-3 amino acid sequence shows very high homology to a partially characterized human cDNA clone called pHGR74, which is associated with spontaneous ovarian granulosa cell carcinoma. In vitro-expressed Bex3 is attached to the plasma membrane, and we are examining hints that it may be involved in signal transduction related to apoptosis during mouse development. A second gene, PLAC1, has important features that include: 1) expression with high specificity in placenta from early on in development; and 2) X-linkage very near the HPRT gene, at a location that makes it a candidate for involvement in placental dysplasia and placentomegaly when it is under- or overexpressed. It is one of very few genes that show very greatly increased activity in cloned animals, associated with placentomegaly. We have analyzed the structure of the cDNA and genomic form of PLAC1, and have shown that it is localized in giant cells and labyrinthine trophoblasts in the developing placenta, between 7.5 and 14.5 days post coitum. In additional studies with collaborators, we have found that the gene is comparably expressed in human placenta, but strong expression lasts longer, all the way to term. Currently we have started to analyze the basis for tissue-specific expression of the gene. Extensive transfections with constructs containing increasing amounts of DNA upstream of the transcription unit, fused to luciferase have thus far shown that neither 3.3 nor 7.5 kb of upstream DNA is sufficient to support the transcription of the gene in choriocarcinoma cells that express the endogenous PLAC1 gene. We interpret our results to mean that the specific expression of the gene involves more distant upstream (or intragenic!) elements, and are continuing to study increasingly large genomic regions to define regulatory elements more precisely. Additional novel genes that are uniquely expressed in placenta have been identified, and two of them will also be studied to look for common regulatory features in their promoters and that of PLAC1. A third gene, still being sought, is associated with X-linked hypoparathyroidism. A single large kindred in Missouri and eastern Kentucky has been shown, in previous work, to involve a locus in a delimited region of Xq27. Affected individuals have a loss of parathyroid gland development. It seemed increasingly odd that this Mendelianly-inherited condition was not detected in any other family or individual even after decades of reports. We therefore considered that a rare chromosomal rearrangement of some type might be responsible for this condition, and began a progressive analysis of X-chromosome markers in affected individuals and other family members. Recent work in our collaborator Dr. Thakker's group has now shown that the inherited disorder is associated with a complex event involving an insertion of duplicated DNA from a chromosome 2 locus at the Xq27 site, accompanied by the deletion of some local X-specific DNA. In this case, X-linkage may thus result from linkage of DNA that is not of X-chromosome origin. The critical region is currently being sequenced to determine whether the hypoparathyroidism results from trisomy for a particular gene in the chromosome 2 segment.
