Anthrax toxin protective antigen protein (PA, 83 kDa) binds to receptors on the surface of mammalian cells, is cleaved by the cell surface protease furin, and then captures either of the two other toxin proteins, lethal factor (LF, 90 kDa) or edema factor (EF, 89 kDa). The PA-LF and PA-EF complexes enter cells by endocytosis via lipid rafts and pass through endocytic vesicle populations, finally allowing LF and EF escape to the cytosol. EF is a calcium and calmodulin-dependent adenylyl cyclase that causes large and unregulated increases in intracellular cAMP concentrations. LF is a metalloprotease that cleaves several mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MEKs). New results from studies of these proteins include the following. (1) Studies of gene expression in the Bacillus anthracis were extended by developing a new method for inactivating genes and for making large genomic deletions. In a demonstration of the utility of the method, a region of the chromosome containing 30 genes was deleted, and the viability of the resulting strain showed that none of the genes are essential. (2) In continuation of studies on the susceptibility of mice to anthrax lethal toxin (PA+LF), we showed that adrenalectomy greatly sensitized mice. Surprisingly, feeding dexamethasone to partially restore adrenal function also greatly sensitized mice. These findings may have relevance to the types of supportive care that are appropriate for anthrax patients, although these types of studies need to be performed in actual infection models. (3) We also continued to collaborate in studies of vaccines and therapeutics for anthrax. We worked with groups developing inhibitors of the anthrax lethal factor protease activity, human and humanized antibodies that neutralize anthrax toxin, and new methods for producing and delivering candidate vaccine antigens derived from the toxin and the poly-glutamic acid capsule. In one example, we supported work in the NIH Clinical Center in which a human monoclonal antibody was shown to protect rats from slowly infused lethal toxin even when administered after toxin exposure was initiated. In another example, we worked with investigators in Florida who demonstrated high level production of PA in plant chloroplasts. (4) Knowledge of bacterial toxin structure and function was used to design cytotoxins specific for cancer cells. We reported a novel method for achieving higher tumor cell specificity by exploiting the oligomeric nature of the activated PA protein so as to restrict cytotoxic action to cells expressing two separate tumor-related proteases. In addition, with experienced cancer clinicians, we worked to develop diphtheria toxin fusion proteins that require activation by the tumor-enriched plasminogen activator protease.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Intramural Research (Z01)
Project #
1Z01AI000929-03
Application #
7196713
Study Section
(BTTS)
Project Start
Project End
Budget Start
Budget End
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2005
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Niaid Extramural Activities
Department
Type
DUNS #
City
State
Country
United States
Zip Code
Okugawa, Shu; Moayeri, Mahtab; Pomerantsev, Andrei P et al. (2012) Lipoprotein biosynthesis by prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase is required for efficient spore germination and full virulence of Bacillus anthracis. Mol Microbiol 83:96-109
Chen, Zhaochun; Moayeri, Mahtab; Zhao, Huaying et al. (2009) Potent neutralization of anthrax edema toxin by a humanized monoclonal antibody that competes with calmodulin for edema factor binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:13487-92
Chen, Zhaochun; Moayeri, Mahtab; Crown, Devorah et al. (2009) Novel chimpanzee/human monoclonal antibodies that neutralize anthrax lethal factor, and evidence for possible synergy with anti-protective antigen antibody. Infect Immun 77:3902-8
Pomerantsev, Andrei P; Pomerantseva, Olga M; Camp, Andrew S et al. (2009) PapR peptide maturation: role of the NprB protease in Bacillus cereus 569 PlcR/PapR global gene regulation. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 55:361-77
Gupta, Pradeep K; Liu, Shihui; Batavia, Mariska P et al. (2008) The diphthamide modification on elongation factor-2 renders mammalian cells resistant to ricin. Cell Microbiol 10:1687-94
Wickliffe, Katherine E; Leppla, Stephen H; Moayeri, Mahtab (2008) Anthrax lethal toxin-induced inflammasome formation and caspase-1 activation are late events dependent on ion fluxes and the proteasome. Cell Microbiol 10:332-43
Levin, Tera C; Wickliffe, Katherine E; Leppla, Stephen H et al. (2008) Heat shock inhibits caspase-1 activity while also preventing its inflammasome-mediated activation by anthrax lethal toxin. Cell Microbiol :
Wickliffe, Katherine E; Leppla, Stephen H; Moayeri, Mahtab (2008) Killing of macrophages by anthrax lethal toxin: involvement of the N-end rule pathway. Cell Microbiol 10:1352-62
Moayeri, Mahtab; Wiggins, Jason F; Leppla, Stephen H (2007) Anthrax protective antigen cleavage and clearance from the blood of mice and rats. Infect Immun 75:5175-84
Su, Yunpeng; Ortiz, Janelle; Liu, Shihui et al. (2007) Systematic urokinase-activated anthrax toxin therapy produces regressions of subcutaneous human non-small cell lung tumor in athymic nude mice. Cancer Res 67:3329-36

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