Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha), amphiregulin (AR), heparin-binding growth factor (HB-EGF), heregulin (HRG) and cripto-1 (CR-1) are proteins that are structurally and in some cases functionally related to epidermal growth factor (EGF) in that TGF- alpha, HB-EGF and AR can bind to the EGF receptor (c-erb B) whereas HRG binds to c-erbB-3 or c-erb B-4. The present studies have demonstrated that MCF-10A human mammary epithelial cells are mitogenically responsive to exogenous EGF, HB-EGF, TGF-alpha or AR and that transformation of these cells with a point-mutated c-Ha-ras protooncogene results in an increase in the expression of endogenous HB-EGF, TGF-alpha, AR and HRG whereas erb B-2 transformation of these cells results in an upregulation in only AR and HRG expression. Furthermore, overexpression of a human TGF-alpha cDNA in these cells leads to their in vitro transformation. Addition of an anti-EGF receptor blocking antibody inhibits the growth of MCF-10A transformed mammary cells suggesting that an external autocrine loop is operative in these cells. Estrogens can increase the expression of TGF-alpha and AR mRNA and protein in estrogen-responsive human breast cancer cell lines. A recombinant CR-1 protein is able to moderately stimulate the proliferation of mouse and human mammary epithelial cells and to inhibit beta-casein and whey acidic protein expression. In addition, CR-1 can stimulate branching morphogenesis of mouse mammary epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo.We have recently found that CR-1 can also induce apoptosis in a subpopulation of mammary epithelial cells through a caspase-3-dependent pathway. Finally, CR-1 can stimulate chemotaxsis and the invasion of mouse mammary epithelial cells through matrigel or type-1 collagen-coated filters. CR-1 does not directly bind to the EGF receptor nor does it directly activate the c-erb B-2, c-erb B-3 or c- erb B-4 type 1 receptor tyrosine kinases either singularly or in various heterodimeric pairwise combinations. However, CR-1 can rapidly and transiently enhance the tyrosine phosphorylation of p46 Shc and can activate the MAPK isoform, p42erk2. 125125I-CR-1 can be specifically cross-linked to a 130 kDa and a 60 kDa protein that are distinct from other erb B-related tyrosine kinases. Although CR-1 fails to directly bind to any of the four known erb tyrosine kinase receptors, it can specifically enhance the indirect tyrosine phosphorylation of erb B-4. Abrogation of erb B-4 expression or activity significantly impairs the ability of CR-1 to activate MAPK. mRNA expression for AR and CR-1 have been detected in approximately 50% to 80% of primary and metastatic human colorectal tumors, whereas only 5% of normal adjacent colon or liver tissue express these genes. Likewise,AR and CR-1 were detected in approximately 80% of primary human breast tumors at a level that exceeded the level found in adjacent normal normal mammary epithelium. - breast cancer, Cripto, EGF, growth factors, TGF,
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| Bianco, Caterina; Strizzi, Luigi; Mancino, Mario et al. (2006) Identification of cripto-1 as a novel serologic marker for breast and colon cancer. Clin Cancer Res 12:5158-64 |
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| Strizzi, Luigi; Bianco, Caterina; Raafat, Ahmed et al. (2005) Netrin-1 regulates invasion and migration of mouse mammary epithelial cells overexpressing Cripto-1 in vitro and in vivo. J Cell Sci 118:4633-43 |
| Strizzi, Luigi; Bianco, Caterina; Normanno, Nicola et al. (2005) Cripto-1: a multifunctional modulator during embryogenesis and oncogenesis. Oncogene 24:5731-41 |
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