In multistage carcinogenesis of the mouse epidermis, premalignant progression is characterized by increasing genomic instability such as trisomy of chromosome 6 and 7, aneuploidy, loss of heterozygosity and amplification of activated c-ras alleles. Our earlier studies have shown that a critical determinant of the altered genomic stability and premalignant progression in this model is transforming growth factorb1 (TGFb1). Loss of TGFb1 expression is an early in vivo event which distinguishes benign squamous papillomas that are precursor lesions to squamous cell carcinomas from benign papillomas that undergo limited progression. Significantly, skin grafts of TGFb1 -/- keratinocytes initiated in vitro with a v-ras retrovirus rapidly progress to multifocal squamous cell carcinomas, while control genotypes produce benign papillomas. To understand how loss of TGFb signaling accelerates v-ras initiated carcinogenesis we have examined the in vitro effects of v- ras on keratinocytes that are defective in TGFb signaling due to a targeted null mutation for TGFb1, or transgenic or adenoviral expression of a dominant negative TGFb type II receptor. Following transduction with v-ras , wildtype keratinocytes undergo limited hyperproliferation followed by a growth arrest and senescence. However, keratinocytes with these altered TGF-b genotypes do not growth arrest or senesce but rapidly become immortal. The block to the v-ras associated growth arrest is correlated with an inability to upregulate the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p15ink4b and p16ink4a. Use of Smad expressing adenoviruses and Smad 3 null keratinocytes points to an important role for Smad 3 but not smad 2 or Smad 4 in senescnce and the induction of p15 and p16. In addition Smad independent pathways for induction of p16 by TGF-b have been uncovered. Aberrant cell cyle progression and rapid aneuploidy result from this defective senescence program. These results provide a new mechanistic framework for understanding the actions of TGFb as a tumor suppressor in human cancer.
| Liu, Xin; Lee, Jennifer; Cooley, Margaret et al. (2003) Smad7 but not Smad6 cooperates with oncogenic ras to cause malignant conversion in a mouse model for squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 63:7760-8 |
| Vijayachandra, Kinnimulki; Lee, Jessica; Glick, Adam B (2003) Smad3 regulates senescence and malignant conversion in a mouse multistage skin carcinogenesis model. Cancer Res 63:3447-52 |
| Tremain, R; Marko, M; Kinnimulki, V et al. (2000) Defects in TGF-beta signaling overcome senescence of mouse keratinocytes expressing v-Ha-ras. Oncogene 19:1698-709 |
| Glick, A; Popescu, N; Alexander, V et al. (1999) Defects in transforming growth factor-beta signaling cooperate with a Ras oncogene to cause rapid aneuploidy and malignant transformation of mouse keratinocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:14949-54 |
