The multistep propagation of discrete intracellular signals allows cells to respond to cues from the extracellular environment. Among the most ubiquitous and well-studied of these are the phosphorylation cascades that culminate in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The enzymatic activity of MAPKs is markedly influenced by extracellular events. As a rule, p38 MAPK activity is induced by environmental stress (e.g. osmotic shock, hypoxia, heat shock, ultraviolet radiation) and pro-inflammatory stimuli and cytokines such as LPS, IL-1, TGF-β, and TNF-α. The most membrane-proximal enzyme activated in the classic MAPK cascade is a serine/threonine kinase known as a MAPK kinase kinase, or MAPKKK, and the MAPKKKs that lead p38 activation include TAK1, ASK1, and MTK1 (human)/MEKK4 (mouse). Growth Arrest and DNA Damage inducible 45 (Gadd45a) was initially identified as a stress-responsive gene. Our studies of Gadd45α-deficient mice found that they died at an early age of a lupus-like autoimmune disease. Because of the known ability of Gadd45-family proteins to bind and activate MTK1/MEKK4, we asked how the absence of Gadd45α might affect p38 activation. We found that, rather than being hypoactive, p38 was spontaneously active in T-lineage cells. An in-depth analysis of this initial observation led to the following findings: p38 from antigen receptor-stimulated normal T cells but not B cells robustly autophosphorylates. The autophosphorylation appeared to be on the two canonical activating residues, Thr-180 and Tyr-182. T cell p38 activation requires Lck and Zap70 but is LAT-independent. The TCR proximal kinases Lck, Fyn, and Zap70 phosphorylate p38 on Tyr-323, which induces autophosphorylation and enhanced activity toward other substrates. Notably, even p38 lacking Tyr-182 is activated by Tyr-323 phosphorylation. A Tyr-323 phospho-specific antiserum detects Tyr-323-phosphorylated p38 (p-Tyr-323 p38) in T but not B cells activated via the antigen receptor. p-Tyr-323 p38 is not detected in Lck+ Zap70- Jurkat T cells, implicating Zap70 as the effector kinase in vivo. The alternative pathway appeared to be a major mechanism of p38 activation in T cells, because (1) in Jurkat T cells, p38 containing a Y323F substitution was poorly activated in response to anti-TCR compared to wild type (WT), and (2) dual (Thr-180/Tyr-182) phosphorylation of p38 in TCR-stimulated normal resting T cells was almost completely prevented by the p38 inhibitor SB203580, indicating that it is a consequence of autophosphorylation. p38 from Gadd45α-deficient T cells is spontaneously phosphorylated on Tyr-323. Gadd45α specifically binds to p38 (whether phosphorylated or not) and inhibits the activity of the p-Tyr-323 form. Importantly, Gadd45α binding does not inhibit the activity of p38 phosphorylated by MKK6 (on Thr-180/Tyr-182). In the past year we have extended our understanding of how p38 is activated in the alternative pathway, and have established an animal model that allows us to explore its importance in normal and pathophysiologic conditions. These recent findings include: p38 phosphorylated on Tyr-323 is able to phosphorylate itself in trans; that is, one p38 molecule binds and phosphorylates another. Auto-trans-phosphorylation involves just Thr-180 and not the canonical Tyr-182 found in the MAPK cascade, suggesting that substrate specificity may differ between these two means of activating the kinase. We have generated p38 """"""""knock-in"""""""" mice in which Tyr-323 is replaced with a Phe (p38YF). Proving the physiologic importance of the alternative pathway, TCR-mediated activation is completely incapable of activating p38 in T cells from these mice. T cells from p38YF knockin mice are slow to transit from G0 to G1 in the cell cycle upon stimulation via the TCR. Moreover, they make much less interferon-γ when immunized with Toxoplasma gondii. Therefore, the alternative p38 activation pathway is important for normal T cell proliferation and immune/inflammatory responses. Our observations establish the alternative p38 pathway as being the major mechanism for the activation of this important kinase in T cells, and support its possible importance as a molecular target
| Jirmanova, Ludmila; Sarma, Dandapantula N; Jankovic, Dragana et al. (2009) Genetic disruption of p38alpha Tyr323 phosphorylation prevents T-cell receptor-mediated p38alpha activation and impairs interferon-gamma production. Blood 113:2229-37 |
| Mittelstadt, Paul R; Yamaguchi, Hiroshi; Appella, Ettore et al. (2009) T cell receptor-mediated activation of p38{alpha} by mono-phosphorylation of the activation loop results in altered substrate specificity. J Biol Chem 284:15469-74 |
| Jirmanova, Ludmila; Jankovic, Dragana; Fornace Jr, Albert J et al. (2007) Gadd45alpha regulates p38-dependent dendritic cell cytokine production and Th1 differentiation. J Immunol 178:4153-8 |
