Myosin X is an unconventional myosin with a conserved motor domain followed by three IQ motifs that are potential light chain binding domains. There is a short segment predicted to form a coiled-coil that probably allows for dimerization to produce a two-headed molecule. Little is known about the function of myosin X in cells and it appears to be expressed at low abundance. In order to characterize the in vitro enzymatic properties of this myosin, we have engineered fragments corresponding to an HMM and S1 of bovine myosin X for expression in Sf9 cells. Initially, we coexpressed these fragments with calmodulin. Both constructs yielded soluble myosin containing bound calmodulin that was purified by FLAG-affinity chromatography. The myosin X-HMM-like fragment binds actin in an ATP-dependent manner and has an actin-activated MgATPase with a Vmax of 10 per sec and a Km of 5 micromolar at 37C. The MgATPase is relatively ionic strength insensitive compared to conventional myosin IIs. The myosin X-HMM translocates actin filaments in a rate of 0.18+0.05 microns/s in the in vitro motility assay. Motility requires moderate densities of myosin bound to the surface and is enhanced by the presence of methylcellulose, a viscosity inducing reagent. Thus, myosin X does not appear to be a candidate for a processive vesicle transporter. The S1 fragment was also enzymatically active in solution, but did not support in vitro motility. It will be used to examine the transient kinetics. Recently, we have also co-expressed the myosin X heavy chain fragments with a calmodulin-like protein (termed CLIP). CLIP binds to the heavy chain and supports activity. The affinity for CLIP appears to be similar to that of calmodulin. We have attempted to immunoprecipitate myosin X from cells in order to identify the endogenous light chains, but have not been successful. Transient kinetic studies have been inititated on the myosin X HMM. Unlike most myosins, myosin X binding to pyrene-labeled actin filaments does not result in a quenching of the pyrene fluorescence and so this useful tool cannot be employed for measuring strong myosin X-actin interactions. Instead light scattering must be used. Preliminary data suggest a slow rate of ADP binding and of ATP dissociation of acto-myosin X. Finally, we have expressed full length myosin X in baculovirus, and have overcome previous problems with extensive proteolysis. We are in the process of characterizing its enzymatic and structural properties.
| Kovacs, Mihaly; Wang, Fei; Sellers, James R (2005) Mechanism of action of myosin X, a membrane-associated molecular motor. J Biol Chem 280:15071-83 |
| Knight, Peter J; Thirumurugan, Kavitha; Xu, Yuhui et al. (2005) The predicted coiled-coil domain of myosin 10 forms a novel elongated domain that lengthens the head. J Biol Chem 280:34702-8 |
| Murphy, Patrick J M; Morishima, Yoshihiro; Kovacs, Jeffrey J et al. (2005) Regulation of the dynamics of hsp90 action on the glucocorticoid receptor by acetylation/deacetylation of the chaperone. J Biol Chem 280:33792-9 |
