This grant is in the general area of analytical and surface chemistry and in the subfield of bioelectrochemistry. Professor Heller will study the fundamental aspects of electron transfer by enzyme immobilized biosensors. This research will use synthetic strategies developed by Professor Heller's group to prepare novel enzyme systems that have electrically conductive redox couples attached within the fabric of the enzymes. Electrochemical methods will be used to evaluate the electron transfer properties of these modified enzymes while immobilized on electrode surfaces. This research will have relevance to the development of new analytical biosensors for use in a range of problems areas.