The PI will continue to investigate processes involving heat and mass transfer concentrating on hotspots and on mid-oceanic ridge axes. He will investigate the mid-plate swells associated with the Hawaiian, the Crozet, and the Cape Verde hotspots, and use the shape of the swells to determine the total flux from the underlying plumes and geoid anomalies to find the hot asthenosphere which transfers heat laterally from the plume. He will investigate the kinematics of the Iceland hotspot which are complicated by the spreading ridge, and search for an explanation of hotspots on ridge-axes that are too small to be associated with plumes. He will investigate the source region of plumes (presumable the base of the mantle), and consider the chemically more dense region at the base of the mantle including its entrainment in upwellings and its effects on the thermal history of the earth.
