The cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are a large group of pore-forming toxins that contribute to the pathogenesis of many Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. Our studies of the CDC pore-forming mechanism have led to a better understanding of their role in pathogenesis and have revealed new paradigms for cellular recognition and assembly of a membrane pore. These studies enabled us to rationally design a CDC-based component vaccine for Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is currently being used by the Gates Foundation in their vaccine effort for S. pneumoniae. Also, our discovery of a CD59 binding CDC has allowed others to develop a possible therapeutic that specifically targets HIV. In the current renewal we will continue our studies into the CDC mechanism to understand the molecular events that trigger pore formation. Understanding how the CDCs initiate pore formation will help us design therapies or improved vaccines that specifically target highly sensitive structural components necessary for their function. We will also continue our studies into the membrane recognition of cholesterol by the CDCs. Our studies have revealed a remarkable aspect of the CDCs'interaction with cholesterol: some CDCs can bind to an expanded population of membrane cholesterol of which only a fraction supports pore formation. It appears that the ability to bind a significant fraction of monomers to cholesterol at sites that do not support pore formation may be important to specific CDC functions. It was recently shown that the CDC of Streptococcus pyogenes, streptolysin O (SLO), transports a specific protein into eukaryotic cells by a pore-independent mechanism. These studies suggest that pore- independent effects of the CDCs may be a significant, but unexplored, mechanism by which the CDCs contribute to pathogenesis. Understanding how CDCs can bind to membrane cholesterol without triggering pore formation will reveal new paradigms for how CDCs function at the molecular level and how they contribute to pathogenesis. Finally, we will leverage our deep understanding of the CDC mechanism to initiate studies into the pore forming mechanism of the membrane attack complex/perforin (MACPF) family of proteins. The MACPF proteins are widespread and contribute to mammalian immune defense and disease causing prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens. Recent structural studies of MACPF proteins and our work on the CDCs has prompted others to speculate that the MACPF pore forming mechanism exhibits features of the CDC pore forming mechanism, possibly resulting from a common origin of the two protein families. We will leverage our expertise with the CDCs to initiate studies into the molecular mechanism of the MACPF proteins to test this hypothesis. We expect the study of the MACPF pore forming mechanism will form the basis of a significant effort to investigate other MACPF proteins that play important roles in immune defense (complement membrane attack complex), development (astrotactins), diseases caused by eukaryotic pathogens such as Toxoplasma and malaria, and tumor destruction (perforin).

Public Health Relevance

The cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) and the membrane attack complex/perforin (MACPF) proteins are large families of proteins involved in immune defense (MACPF) and are pathogenic factors for eukaryotic (MACPF) and prokaryotic (CDCs and MACPF) pathogens. Our studies into the basic mechanism of these proteins will allow us to better understand their contribution to diseases caused by bacterial and eukaryotic pathogens, and immune defense that will lead to a better understanding of and therapies for a wide variety of infectious and congenital diseases.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AI037657-18
Application #
8640868
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1)
Program Officer
Ranallo, Ryan
Project Start
1997-04-01
Project End
2016-03-31
Budget Start
2014-04-01
Budget End
2015-03-31
Support Year
18
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
Department
Microbiology/Immun/Virology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
City
Oklahoma City
State
OK
Country
United States
Zip Code
73117
Lawrence, Sara L; Gorman, Michael A; Feil, Susanne C et al. (2016) Structural Basis for Receptor Recognition by the Human CD59-Responsive Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysins. Structure 24:1488-98
Lukoyanova, Natalya; Kondos, Stephanie C; Farabella, Irene et al. (2015) Conformational changes during pore formation by the perforin-related protein pleurotolysin. PLoS Biol 13:e1002049
Bolz, Devin D; Li, Zhi; McIndoo, Eric R et al. (2015) Cardiac myocyte dysfunction induced by streptolysin O is membrane pore and calcium dependent. Shock 43:178-84
Farrand, Allison J; Hotze, Eileen M; Sato, Takehiro K et al. (2015) The Cholesterol-dependent Cytolysin Membrane-binding Interface Discriminates Lipid Environments of Cholesterol to Support ?-Barrel Pore Insertion. J Biol Chem 290:17733-44
Wade, Kristin R; Tweten, Rodney K (2015) The Apicomplexan CDC/MACPF-like pore-forming proteins. Curr Opin Microbiol 26:48-52
Verherstraeten, Stefanie; Goossens, Evy; Valgaeren, Bonnie et al. (2015) Perfringolysin O: The Underrated Clostridium perfringens Toxin? Toxins (Basel) 7:1702-21
Wade, Kristin R; Hotze, Eileen M; Kuiper, Michael J et al. (2015) An intermolecular electrostatic interaction controls the prepore-to-pore transition in a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:2204-9
Lawrence, Sara L; Feil, Susanne C; Morton, Craig J et al. (2015) Crystal structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumolysin provides key insights into early steps of pore formation. Sci Rep 5:14352
Ellisdon, Andrew M; Reboul, Cyril F; Panjikar, Santosh et al. (2015) Stonefish toxin defines an ancient branch of the perforin-like superfamily. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:15360-5
Chen, Austen; Mann, Beth; Gao, Geli et al. (2015) Multivalent Pneumococcal Protein Vaccines Comprising Pneumolysoid with Epitopes/Fragments of CbpA and/or PspA Elicit Strong and Broad Protection. Clin Vaccine Immunol 22:1079-89

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