Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is among the most prevalent of psychiatric disorders, affecting as many as 20% of the American population. Yet, the neurobiologic basis of this disorder has not been elucidated. Structural neuroimaging studies of depressed individuals have documented neuroanatomic abnormalities in subgenual prefrontal cortex (PFC), dorsal PFC, and amygdala, known components of emotion regulatory networks. Findings from this literature, however, are mixed, with some, but not all investigators reporting volumetric reductions in these structures. Further, it is possible that these abnormalities may relate to dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a neuroendocrine system that, when hyper- reactive as in MDD, results in high and likely neurotoxic levels of the glucocorticoid hormone, cortisol. The goal of this research is to assess abnormalities in brain structure and function in individuals diagnosed with MDD using structural MRI in conjunction with self-report measures, functional neuroimaging assessments, indicators of HPA-axis reactivity, and genotyping. Specific goals include (1) assessing whether there are regionally specific neuroanatomic abnormalities in MDD patients using newly developed tools for measuring gray matter thickness;and (2) examining associations among disease-specific alterations in brain structure, HPA-axis dysregulation, and activation level of the amygdala, a limbic structure that receives direct inhibitory cortical input. To achieve these objectives, all participants will undergo functional and structural neuroimaging. Structural MRI data will be processed to provide thickness measurements of cortical gray matter at each point along the cortical surface. To assess HPA-axis reactivity, salivary cortisol levels will be measured during the performance on a laboratory stress task. The association between cortical gray matter thickness and cortisol will be examined at each point along the cortical surface to assess whether structural integrity of cortical regions is, in part, dependent on HPA-axis dysregulation and, thus, whether it is related to susceptibility to becoming frequently hypercortisolemic. Additional analyses examining whether the interaction of brain structure and neuroendocrine function is influenced by genetic (serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms) and environmental (history of trauma) factors will be conducted using salivary DNA and self-report measures. Finally, to examine whether heightened amygdala activation in MDD individuals is related to cortical thickness, fMRI data will be processed to provide percent signal change in this region for use as a covariate for linkage with local gray matter distribution. Negative associations between these measures will be examined, and analyses will address whether regulation of the amygdala, and in a broader sense affect, is dependent on prefrontal gray matter integrity and on the inhibitory/executive functions that this prefrontal region subserves. This program of research will provide the applicant with training in several new methodologies, including the collection and interpretation of genetic, neuroendocrine, and event-related fMRI data, as well as in the diagnosis and clinical assessment of MDD.

Public Health Relevance

Results from the proposed experiments will help to advance our understanding of the neurobiological characteristics of MDD, to elucidate the structural and functional brain abnormalities that are associated with MDD, and to identify phenotypic brain abnormalities that may predispose individuals to extreme labilities in mood. These findings will also serve to inform future projects examining the emergence of these abnormalities in depression, their progression, and the impact of various pharmacological and psychological interventions for MDD.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Type
Postdoctoral Individual National Research Service Award (F32)
Project #
5F32MH090617-02
Application #
8069197
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1-F01-L (20))
Program Officer
Rubio, Mercedes
Project Start
2010-09-30
Project End
2013-09-29
Budget Start
2011-09-30
Budget End
2012-09-29
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2011
Total Cost
$48,398
Indirect Cost
Name
Stanford University
Department
Psychology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
009214214
City
Stanford
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
94305
Davis, Elena Goetz; Foland-Ross, Lara C; Gotlib, Ian H (2018) Neural correlates of top-down regulation and generation of negative affect in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 276:1-8
Colich, Natalie L; Ho, Tiffany C; Foland-Ross, Lara C et al. (2017) Hyperactivation in Cognitive Control and Visual Attention Brain Regions During Emotional Interference in Adolescent Depression. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2:388-395
Colich, Natalie L; Foland-Ross, Lara C; Eggleston, Caitlin et al. (2016) Neural Aspects of Inhibition Following Emotional Primes in Depressed Adolescents. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 45:21-30
Foland-Ross, Lara C; Behzadian, Negin; LeMoult, Joelle et al. (2016) Concordant Patterns of Brain Structure in Mothers with Recurrent Depression and Their Never-Depressed Daughters. Dev Neurosci 38:115-23
Foland-Ross, Lara C; Gilbert, Brooke L; Joormann, Jutta et al. (2015) Neural markers of familial risk for depression: An investigation of cortical thickness abnormalities in healthy adolescent daughters of mothers with recurrent depression. J Abnorm Psychol 124:476-85
Foland-Ross, Lara C; Sacchet, Matthew D; Prasad, Gautam et al. (2015) Cortical thickness predicts the first onset of major depression in adolescence. Int J Dev Neurosci 46:125-31
Colich, Natalie L; Kircanski, Katharina; Foland-Ross, Lara C et al. (2015) HPA-axis reactivity interacts with stage of pubertal development to predict the onset of depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 55:94-101
Foland-Ross, Lara C; Hamilton, Paul; Sacchet, Matthew D et al. (2014) Activation of the medial prefrontal and posterior cingulate cortex during encoding of negative material predicts symptom worsening in major depression. Neuroreport 25:324-9
Foland-Ross, Lara C; Kircanski, Katharina; Gotlib, Ian H (2014) Coping with having a depressed mother: the role of stress and coping in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in girls at familial risk for major depression. Dev Psychopathol 26:1401-9
Ruttle, Paula L; Armstrong, Jeffrey M; Klein, Marjorie H et al. (2014) Adolescent internalizing symptoms and negative life events: the sensitizing effects of earlier life stress and cortisol. Dev Psychopathol 26:1411-22

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