The overarching goals of our renewal proposal are to develop an integrated program to further our ability to provide evidenced-based, potent antiretroviral therapy (ART) to patients with HIV-2 infection. Compared to HIV-1, HIV-2 infection is characterized by a longer asymptomatic stage, lower plasma viral loads, slower decline in CD4 count, decreased mortality rate due to AIDS, lower rates of mother to child transmission, and lower rates genital shedding and sexual transmission. In West Africa, where both HIV-1 and HIV-2 co- circulate, between 1-2 million individuals are infected with HIV-2 and a significant proportion are co-infected with both HIV-1 and HIV-2. Despite the relatively attenuated disease course of HIV-2, a significant minority of untreated individuals will progress to clinical AIDS or death without ART and as will the majority of those dually infected with HIV-1 and HIV-2. Through local and global initiatives, antiretroviral therapy is becoming increasingly available in resource-limited West Africa. Because HIV-2 is intrinsically resistant to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and may have partial resistance to some protease inhibitors (PI), treating HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 dual infection presents distinct challenges. This is especially problematic in resource-limited settings where there is limited choice and availability of 1st- line NRTI-PI based regimens as well as subsequent 2nd- line and salvage regimens in those individuals with clinical progression, immuno-virologic failure or antiretroviral (ARV) toxicities. During the initial period of our grant proposal we (and others) have made substantial progress in furthering our understanding ART for HIV-2 in ARV-naove adults as well as HIV-2 ARV-resistance. However, to date, we remain largely ignorant about the long-term outcomes of ART in HIV-2 infected people, we are in urgent need for assessment of new classes antiretrovirals for HIV-2 and we lack even rudimentary studies on ARV-regimens to treat HIV-1/HIV-2 dual infection, or whether ARV treatment outcomes using NRTI-PI based regimens are different than HIV-2 single infection. Our Renewal proposal has the following specific aims:
AIM 1 : Long-term outcomes of ART for HIV-2 infection in Senegal: Determine long- term HIV/AIDS associated outcomes and ARV-associated complications in HIV-2 infected individuals treated with ART for >2 years. Assessment of the frequency, causes and outcomes of switching to 2nd line and salvage ARV regimens for HIV-2 infection.
AIM 2 : To determine the potential utility and susceptibility of HIV-2 to new ARV classes: the integrase inhibitors and the CCR5 co-receptor entry inhibitors.
AIM 3 : To compare the clinical, virologic and immunologic outcomes associated with ART using NRTI+PI based regimens in a longitudinal prospective cohort of 50 HIV-1/HIV-2 dually infected ARV-naove subjects and a longitudinal prospective cohort of 50 HIV-2 ARV-naove singly infected subjects. Our Renewal proposal will build on a strong ongoing collaboration between the University of Washington and the Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal to further our understanding and provide evidence-based ART and care for HIV-2 infected people.

Public Health Relevance

In West Africa, two distinct AIDS viruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) are found, and some people become infected by both types. Because HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection have different natural histories (with HIV-2 being less aggressive) and different antiretroviral drug susceptibilities (with HIV-2 being more drug resistant), treatment for HIV-2 and dual HIV-1/HIV-2 infection is clinically challenging. Understanding how to better treat HIV-2 and dual HIV-1/HIV-2 infection is an import public health priority in West Africa.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AI060466-07
Application #
8081761
Study Section
AIDS Clinical Studies and Epidemiology Study Section (ACE)
Program Officer
Mckaig, Rosemary G
Project Start
2005-06-07
Project End
2015-05-31
Budget Start
2011-06-01
Budget End
2012-05-31
Support Year
7
Fiscal Year
2011
Total Cost
$697,505
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Washington
Department
Internal Medicine/Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
605799469
City
Seattle
State
WA
Country
United States
Zip Code
98195
Smith, Robert A; Wu, Vincent H; Zavala, Christopher G et al. (2018) In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Cabotegravir against HIV-2. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 62:
Chang, Ming; Wong, Audrey J S; Raugi, Dana N et al. (2017) Clinical validation of a novel diagnostic HIV-2 total nucleic acid qualitative assay using the Abbott m2000 platform: Implications for complementary HIV-2 nucleic acid testing for the CDC 4th generation HIV diagnostic testing algorithm. J Clin Virol 86:56-61
Wu, Vincent H; Smith, Robert A; Masoum, Sara et al. (2017) MK-8591 (4'-Ethynyl-2-Fluoro-2'-Deoxyadenosine) Exhibits Potent Activity against HIV-2 Isolates and Drug-Resistant HIV-2 Mutants in Culture. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61:
Whitham, Hilary K; Hawes, Stephen E; Chu, Haitao et al. (2017) A Comparison of the Natural History of HPV Infection and Cervical Abnormalities among HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Women in Senegal, Africa. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 26:886-894
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Raugi, Dana N; Smith, Robert A; Gottlieb, Geoffrey S et al. (2016) Four Amino Acid Changes in HIV-2 Protease Confer Class-Wide Sensitivity to Protease Inhibitors. J Virol 90:1062-9
Smith, Robert A; Raugi, Dana N; Wu, Vincent H et al. (2015) The Nucleoside Analog BMS-986001 Shows Greater In Vitro Activity against HIV-2 than against HIV-1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59:7437-46
Smith, Robert A; Raugi, Dana N; Pan, Charlotte et al. (2015) In vitro activity of dolutegravir against wild-type and integrase inhibitor-resistant HIV-2. Retrovirology 12:10
Ekouevi, Didier K (see original citation for additional authors) (2013) Characteristics of HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 Dually Seropositive Adults in West Africa Presenting for Care and Antiretroviral Therapy: The IeDEA-West Africa HIV-2 Cohort Study. PLoS One 8:e66135
Gottlieb, Geoffrey S (2013) Changing HIV epidemics: what HIV-2 can teach us about ending HIV-1. AIDS 27:135-7

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