Dopamine system as reporter of HIV status and inflammation in Meth abusers HIV life-expectancy has increased with anti-retrovirals, but the consequences of the virus in end-organs such as the Central Nervous System (CNS) have not been mitigated. Moreover, co-morbidities such as substance use can aggravate CNS disorders in HIV infection, impacting viral replication and inflammation. Methamphetamine (Meth) is a popular addictive drug associated with risk of HIV infection, and a powerful inducer of dopamine (DA), a neurotransmitter that regulates reward circuits in the brain. Inflammatory biomarkers such as plasma CD163 and IL6 levels correlate with HIV-induced cognitive deficits, including in Meth abusers. They indicate that an inflammatory process is taking place in the brain, but may not be able to predict risk of development of CNS inflammation in Meth abusers, or monitor improvements in cognitive performance in the context of HIV. Innate immune cells are the main HIV target cells in the CNS. Importantly, these cells express DA receptors (DRDs), and therefore are responsive to the hyperdopaminergic environment generated by Meth abuse. We hypothesize that the expression of molecules of the DA system, as well as inflammatory markers resulting from DA signaling, are sensitive biomarkers that may be incorporated into a panel of tools with the capacity to predict susceptibility and to assess therapeutic efficacy in the blood of HIV+ subjects that are Meth-abusers. We also hypothesize that the individual genetic background can bias the balance between D1-like and D2-like DRD subtypes, and their resulting inflammatory signatures affecting HIV latency or replication phenotypes. We propose studies in human peripheral cells that bridge basic science findings with translational applications of high impact, for screening DRD subtypes expression levels and sequence, as well as inflammatory signatures associated with these subtypes as predictors of risk to the development of cognitive deficits in Meth abusers, in the context of HIV. Our integrated approach is targeted to predict and monitor neuro-immune-viral disruptions, and generate tools to become incorporated in clinical therapeutic decisions. It will provide invaluable data to fill the existing gap in the knowledge and in the needs of markers with real-time clinical value, with the potential for critically monitoring the efficacy of therapy in the CNS, or for predicting susceptibility to disabling neurological syndromes in HIV+ individuals that are drug abusers.
Dopamine system as reporter of HIV status and inflammation in Meth abusers Current inflammatory biomarkers that correlate with HIV-induced cognitive deficits, including in Meth abusers are great indicators of inflammatory processes taking place in the brain, but have limited power to predict risk of development of CNS inflammation in Meth abusers, or monitor improvements in cognitive performance in the context of HIV. Innate immune cells that are the main HIV target cells in the CNS express dopamine receptors that can trigger inflammation, and therefore are responsive to the hyperdopaminergic environment generated by Meth abuse. We hypothesize that individual differences in the expression of dopamine receptor subtypes on peripheral immune cells, and their innate immune inflammatory signatures, are sensitive biomarkers that may be incorporated into a panel of tools with the capacity to predict neurological outcomes and to assess therapeutic efficacy HIV+ subjects that are Meth-abusers.
