Covalent binding of reactive intermediates to target proteins is an important mechanisms of chemical toxicity. Although this mechanism of cytotoxicity has been recognized for more than 20 years, there is still very little known about the actual protein targets for reactive species. Our objective is to understand how reactive intermediates kill cells by combining covalently with specific target proteins. The long term goal is to understand the nature of the cellular response to this type of damage with regard to cell death and repair of protein damage. These are fundamental issues in Toxicology which cannot be answered until model biological system in which the protein targets have been identified are available. The experiments proposed in this application are a first step toward that goal. We believe that combining sound chemical and biochemical knowledge of toxic mechanisms will lead to development of better therapeutic strategies to treat kidney damage. Activation of nephrotoxic cysteine conjugates (NCC) by the beta-lyase pathway is an important mechanism of nephrotoxicity for environmental chemicals. These toxins form reactive intermediates which covalently modify proteins in the mitochondria of the proximal tubule epithelium resulting in cell death. The broad goal of this project is to test the hypothesis that """"""""Reactive species derived from metabolism of NCC damage specific proteins targets which leads to a loss of vital cellular functions and cell death."""""""" The specific objectives are to determine, i) the chemical structure of NCC-derived protein adducts and raise antibodies which recognize them, 2) to purify and identify protein targets, and 3) to investigate the mechanisms through which modification of target proteins kills cells in vivo and in vitro. To accomplish these goals we will, 1) use NMR and mass spectrometry to obtain adduct structures, 2) purify adducted proteins and obtaining amino acid sequence data, and 3) use antibodies against NCC-adducts to investigate mechanisms of cytotoxicity in vivo and in vitro.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
2R01DK038925-06A1
Application #
3238507
Study Section
Toxicology Subcommittee 2 (TOX)
Project Start
1988-04-01
Project End
1997-03-31
Budget Start
1993-04-01
Budget End
1994-03-31
Support Year
6
Fiscal Year
1993
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Adirondack Biomedical Research Institute
Department
Type
DUNS #
City
Lake Placid
State
NY
Country
United States
Zip Code
12946
Chen, Q; Jones, T W; Stevens, J L (1994) Early cellular events couple covalent binding of reactive metabolites to cell killing by nephrotoxic cysteine conjugates. J Cell Physiol 161:293-302
Yu, K; Chen, Q; Liu, H et al. (1994) Signalling the molecular stress response to nephrotoxic and mutagenic cysteine conjugates: differential roles for protein synthesis and calcium in the induction of c-fos and c-myc mRNA in LLC-PK1 cells. J Cell Physiol 161:303-11
Zhang, G; Ichimura, T; Maier, J A et al. (1993) A role for fibroblast growth factor type-1 in nephrogenic repair. Autocrine expression in rat kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells in vitro and in the regenerating epithelium following nephrotoxic damage by S-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine in vi J Biol Chem 268:11542-7
Bruschi, S A; West, K A; Crabb, J W et al. (1993) Mitochondrial HSP60 (P1 protein) and a HSP70-like protein (mortalin) are major targets for modification during S-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine-induced nephrotoxicity. J Biol Chem 268:23157-61
Fisher, M B; Hayden, P J; Bruschi, S A et al. (1993) Formation, characterization, and immunoreactivity of lysine thioamide adducts from fluorinated nephrotoxic cysteine conjugates in vitro and in vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 6:223-30
Chen, Q; Yu, K; Stevens, J L (1992) Regulation of the cellular stress response by reactive electrophiles. The role of covalent binding and cellular thiols in transcriptional activation of the 70-kilodalton heat shock protein gene by nephrotoxic cysteine conjugates. J Biol Chem 267:24322-7
Hayden, P J; Welsh, C J; Yang, Y et al. (1992) Formation of mitochondrial phospholipid adducts by nephrotoxic cysteine conjugate metabolites. Chem Res Toxicol 5:232-7
Wallin, A; Zhang, G; Jones, T W et al. (1992) Mechanism of the nephrogenic repair response. Studies on proliferation and vimentin expression after 35S-1,2-dichlorovinyl-L-cysteine nephrotoxicity in vivo and in cultured proximal tubule epithelial cells. Lab Invest 66:474-84
Chen, Q; Yu, K; Holbrook, N J et al. (1992) Activation of the growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene gadd 153 by nephrotoxic cysteine conjugates and dithiothreitol. J Biol Chem 267:8207-12
Chen, Q; Stevens, J L (1991) Inhibition of iodoacetamide and t-butylhydroperoxide toxicity in LLC-PK1 cells by antioxidants: a role for lipid peroxidation in alkylation induced cytotoxicity. Arch Biochem Biophys 284:422-30

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