The first event in the response of target cells to insulin is the binding of the hormone to its specific receptor on the surface of cells. This receptor is a glycoprotein whose structure has been well defined. In addition to an insulin-binding domain, the receptor has an intrinsic enzymatic activity; it catalyzes the transfer of the terminal phosphate of ATP to tyrosine residues of specific proteins. This activity is increased after the receptor binds insulin. Recent evidence from several different experimental approaches has implicated this intrinsic enzymatic activity of the receptor in mediating the biological responses to insulin. That is, if the receptor's enzymatic activity is inhibited, the ability of cells to respond to insulin is decreased. Defects in the receptor's intrinsic kinase activity have recently been noted in individuals with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. This decreased activity of the receptor may partly explain the lack of responsiveness to insulin observed in this disorder. The next major step in understanding insulin action now requires us to determine what protein(s) are phosphorylated by the insulin receptor kinase and whether such protein(s) mediate(s) the biological responses to insulin. The goal of the present research proposal is therefore directed at isolating potential substrates of the insulin receptor kinase and producing monoclonal antibodies to them. In preliminary studies, we have identified a number of endogenous substrates of the insulin receptor kinase in cells overexpressing the insulin antibodies. Microinjection of a pool of these purified substrates into frog oocytes was found to duplicate one of the biological responses to insulin, an increase in the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6. We therefore propose to generate monoclonal antibodies to the different substrates. These antibodies will then be used to test the role of individual proteins mediating various responses to insulin by testing the antibodies for the ability to remove the active component in the substrate preparations or to block the ability of insulin to stimulate responses in oocytes and mammalian cells. The identification of the physiologically important substrates for the insulin receptor kinase may allow us to design drugs which directly activate these proteins in cells whose receptors are impaired.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01DK041765-03
Application #
3242646
Study Section
Physiological Chemistry Study Section (PC)
Project Start
1989-07-01
Project End
1994-06-30
Budget Start
1991-07-01
Budget End
1992-06-30
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
1991
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Stanford University
Department
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
800771545
City
Stanford
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
94305
Yeh, T C; Li, W; Keller, G A et al. (1998) Disruption of a putative SH3 domain and the proline-rich motifs in the 53-kDa substrate of the insulin receptor kinase does not alter its subcellular localization or ability to serve as a substrate. J Cell Biochem 68:139-50
Dandekar, A A; Wallach, B J; Barthel, A et al. (1998) Comparison of the signaling abilities of the cytoplasmic domains of the insulin receptor and the insulin receptor-related receptor in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Endocrinology 139:3578-84
Yeh, T C; Ogawa, W; Danielsen, A G et al. (1996) Characterization and cloning of a 58/53-kDa substrate of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase. J Biol Chem 271:2921-8
Yamaguchi, T; Fernandez, R; Roth, R A (1995) Comparison of the signaling abilities of the Drosophila and human insulin receptors in mammalian cells. Biochemistry 34:4962-8
Ogawa, W; Hosomi, Y; Roth, R A (1995) Activation of protein kinase C stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation and guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein association of p60 in rat hepatoma cells. Endocrinology 136:476-81
Liu, F; Roth, R A (1995) Grb-IR: a SH2-domain-containing protein that binds to the insulin receptor and inhibits its function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:10287-91
Ogawa, W; Roth, R A (1994) Characterization of a protein which binds phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate and 4,5-bisphosphate. Biochim Biophys Acta 1224:533-40
Roth, R A; Liu, F; Chin, J E (1994) Biochemical mechanisms of insulin resistance. Horm Res 41 Suppl 2:51-5
Hosomi, Y; Shii, K; Ogawa, W et al. (1994) Characterization of a 60-kilodalton substrate of the insulin receptor kinase. J Biol Chem 269:11498-502
Ogawa, W; Hosomi, Y; Shii, K et al. (1994) Evidence for two distinct 60-kilodalton substrates of the SRC tyrosine kinase. J Biol Chem 269:29602-8

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