Negative feedback control is essential to make biological systems stable to internal and external perturbations. It is used to regulate everything from body temperature to gene expression, and its failure causes a range of human disorders. But our understanding of feedback in biology is incomplete and incoherent. Most systematic theoretical approaches are based on deterministic kinetics, poorly suited for microscopic cellular events, and few systems allow accurate experimental measurements of the numbers of individual molecules in a given cell. Prior work focused so closely on the details of each system that general guiding principles have been overlooked, in turn making detailed analysis difficult. We propose to address these problems by developing new mathematical approaches and systematically applying our novel experimental molecule counting assays to simple model systems. Our preliminary theory demonstrates hard limits on the ability of negative feedback to suppress fluctuations in cellular systems, and general frustration trade-offs where reducing one type of variation instead amplifies another. It also suggests creative mechanisms that minimize these problems, and remarkably enough, we have now found examples of these in biology. We propose to extend the individual theorems by integrating central concepts from statistical physics and control theory into a novel coherent framework that makes it possible to make exact quantitative statements about strongly nonlinear and exotic systems. The theory is also used to motivate, design and interpret quantitative experiments for two systems that promote virulence and drug resistance in Escherichia coli. We focus on replication control of bacterial plasmids, where noise suppression is essential. The unmatched tractability of plasmids allows us to systematically vary control loop properties and rigorously test the general theorems. We will compare these results with those for stress response sigma factor RpoS, where we believe negative feedback may instead enhance variation.

Public Health Relevance

Our studies will help lay the groundwork for effective studies of randomness in biology: where it comes from, how it is controlled, what limits physics sets on how biological systems suppress noise, and the creative ways that biological systems exploit apparent loopholes in those limits. We believe this will expose new principles that will help us understand how biological systems evolved, and how they function in health and disease particularly in systems that promote drug resistance and virulence in bacteria.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01GM081563-03
Application #
7780324
Study Section
Modeling and Analysis of Biological Systems Study Section (MABS)
Program Officer
Lyster, Peter
Project Start
2008-04-01
Project End
2013-02-28
Budget Start
2010-03-01
Budget End
2011-02-28
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2010
Total Cost
$335,610
Indirect Cost
Name
Harvard University
Department
Biology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
047006379
City
Boston
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
02115
Potvin-Trottier, Laurent; Luro, Scott; Paulsson, Johan (2018) Microfluidics and single-cell microscopy to study stochastic processes in bacteria. Curr Opin Microbiol 43:186-192
Okumus, Burak; Baker, Charles J; Arias-Castro, Juan Carlos et al. (2018) Single-cell microscopy of suspension cultures using a microfluidics-assisted cell screening platform. Nat Protoc 13:170-194
Paulsson, Johan; El Karoui, Meriem; Lindell, Monica et al. (2017) The processive kinetics of gene conversion in bacteria. Mol Microbiol 104:752-760
Cabeen, Matthew T; Russell, Jonathan R; Paulsson, Johan et al. (2017) Use of a microfluidic platform to uncover basic features of energy and environmental stress responses in individual cells of Bacillus subtilis. PLoS Genet 13:e1006901
Russell, Jonathan R; Cabeen, Matthew T; Wiggins, Paul A et al. (2017) Noise in a phosphorelay drives stochastic entry into sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. EMBO J 36:2856-2869
Ramachandran, Revathy; Jha, Jyoti; Paulsson, Johan et al. (2017) Random versus Cell Cycle-Regulated Replication Initiation in Bacteria: Insights from Studying Vibrio cholerae Chromosome 2. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 81:
Potvin-Trottier, Laurent; Lord, Nathan D; Vinnicombe, Glenn et al. (2016) Synchronous long-term oscillations in a synthetic gene circuit. Nature 538:514-517
Okumus, Burak; Landgraf, Dirk; Lai, Ghee Chuan et al. (2016) Mechanical slowing-down of cytoplasmic diffusion allows in vivo counting of proteins in individual cells. Nat Commun 7:11641
Hilfinger, Andreas; Norman, Thomas M; Vinnicombe, Glenn et al. (2016) Constraints on Fluctuations in Sparsely Characterized Biological Systems. Phys Rev Lett 116:058101
Okumus, Burak; Yildiz, Sadik; Toprak, Erdal (2014) Fluidic and microfluidic tools for quantitative systems biology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 25:30-8

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