The proposed project will explore the roles of pleiotropy and epistasis in adaptive evolution and integrate ideas and questions from biophysics and biochemistry into an evolutionary framework in a bacteriophage system. The experiments, inspired by the population dynamics experienced by many pathogens, will use a unique experimental-evolution protocol involving rapidly fluctuating selective pressures to induce a two-component fitness based on growth rate and one of three biophysical parameters: capsid stability, low-pH tolerance, and novel host binding. The selection protocol consists of periods of growth within hosts punctuated by strong selection for one of three biophysical properties in the absence phage replication.
For Aim 1, this protocol will be used to study the pleiotropic effects of individual beneficial mutations in five microvirid bacteriophage genotypes on growth rate and the three biophysical properties and to determine how this conflict, and pleiotropy in general, affects the genetic variation available for adaptatio.
For Aim 2, beneficial mutations identified for Aim 1 will be engineered into new genetic contexts to reveal the extent to which biophysical properties of mutations are additive across backgrounds. The results from Aim 3 will be used to determine whether long-term adaptation can allow deleterious pleiotropic effects to be overcome through compensatory evolution to allow the two traits to be simultaneously maximized. The results from the proposed project will serve as a bridge between biophysics and evolution by subsuming biophysical parameters within fitness, and the relationship between growth rate and stability will provide insight into basic aspects of protein folding, function, and evolution. Theoreticians have long sought generalities that characterize the evolutionary process, and if such generalities exist, they should arise naturally from lower-level phenomena. The proposed experiments are designed to reveal such phenomena if they exist. Generalities about the evolution of protein thermal stability have not been forthcoming despite their relevance to a variety of fields, ranging from the evolution of extremophiles to basic questions about evolvability and the rational design of enzymes for industrial uses. Thermal stability is thought actually to promote evolvability by buffering against deleterious pleiotropic effects of mutations. The results will also aid in adjusting current models of adaptation to improve their realism and increase the accuracy of their predictions. Pleiotropy is a defining feature of Fisher's geometric model, and the proposed experiments will quantify the pleiotropic effects of mutations contributing to adaptation, providin information about the types of movements possible in multidimensional phenotypic space. They will also provide estimates of the main parameters in the mutational landscape model. Although epistasis has been widely documented, its molecular basis remains elusive. The results will provide a wealth of information about epistasis and its causes for beneficial mutations, about which few data exist. Many pathogens must survive under harsh conditions between infections and can potentially evolve greater virulence as a result. The proposed experimental system will serve as a model for studying the implications of this type of selection and provide insights into the evolution of infectious diseases.

Public Health Relevance

The proposed project will investigate viral adaptation from a biophysical perspective and characterize the underlying bases of pleiotropy and epistasis for mutations increasing the thermal stability of viral capsids. Understanding the evolution of protein stability is of paramoun importance because thermally stable proteins are generally more useful in industrial applications and more tolerant of mutations with more dramatic effects, which can increase their evolvability. The proposed research will also develop a model system for studying the evolutionary implications of the population dynamics experienced by many pathogens, in which periods of growth within hosts are punctuated by periods outside the host, during which growth ceases and pathogens must concentrate on surviving the elements.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01GM099723-03
Application #
8725196
Study Section
Genetic Variation and Evolution Study Section (GVE)
Program Officer
Janes, Daniel E
Project Start
2012-09-01
Project End
2017-08-31
Budget Start
2014-09-01
Budget End
2015-08-31
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Florida State University
Department
Biology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
City
Tallahassee
State
FL
Country
United States
Zip Code
32306
Whittington, A Carl; Rokyta, Darin R (2018) Biophysical Spandrels form a Hot-Spot for Kosmotropic Mutations in Bacteriophage Thermal Adaptation. J Mol Evol :
Sackman, Andrew M; Rokyta, Darin R (2018) Additive Phenotypes Underlie Epistasis of Fitness Effects. Genetics 208:339-348
Sackman, Andrew M; McGee, Lindsey W; Morrison, Anneliese J et al. (2017) Mutation-Driven Parallel Evolution during Viral Adaptation. Mol Biol Evol 34:3243-3253
McGee, Lindsey W; Sackman, Andrew M; Morrison, Anneliese J et al. (2016) Synergistic Pleiotropy Overrides the Costs of Complexity in Viral Adaptation. Genetics 202:285-95
Pearson, Victoria M; Caudle, S Brian; Rokyta, Darin R (2016) Viral recombination blurs taxonomic lines: examination of single-stranded DNA viruses in a wastewater treatment plant. PeerJ 4:e2585
Sackman, Andrew M; Reed, Danielle; Rokyta, Darin R (2015) Intergenic incompatibilities reduce fitness in hybrids of extremely closely related bacteriophages. PeerJ 3:e1320
McGee, Lindsey W; Aitchison, Erick W; Caudle, S Brian et al. (2014) Payoffs, not tradeoffs, in the adaptation of a virus to ostensibly conflicting selective pressures. PLoS Genet 10:e1004611
Caudle, S Brian; Miller, Craig R; Rokyta, Darin R (2014) Environment determines epistatic patterns for a ssDNA virus. Genetics 196:267-79
Sackman, Andrew M; Rokyta, Darin R (2013) The adaptive potential of hybridization demonstrated with bacteriophages. J Mol Evol 77:221-30