The development of research on human genetic variation, including the identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), may create new relationships between genetic diseases or conditions and current concepts of race, ethnicity, and culture. The result may be an increased risk for stigmatization for populations implicated in these findings. The recent experience of Ashkenazic Jews and BRCA1/2 testing and community complaints about stigmatization, gives substance to these concerns. Previous research has focused more on discrimination rather than stigmatization or on """"""""single-gene"""""""" conditions, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell disease. These studies provide a useful, but limited perspective from which to anticipate the future. The potential impact of research on human genetic variation calls for a more systematic and comprehensive understanding of the factors people bring to bear in interpreting genetic difference and conditions that may encourage stigmatization. To assure that this understanding is comprehensive and that it can effectively address social concerns about genetics research, it must include the perspective of the scientists who conduct this research. The proposed project will determine the factors with which people distinguish genetic from non-genetic disease, and the factors that they bring to bear in interpreting genetic diseases or conditions. The project will identify the ways in which these factors might vary between the following three contrastive pairs: 1) people who are members of racial or ethnic groups that historically have been subjected to stigmatization, versus those who are not; 2) scientists who conduct this research, and the lay public who it may concern; and, 3) people who have a known genetic condition, and those who do not. We will explore these questions with two studies: Study 1 is a face to face guided interview that includes open-ended questions and card sorts; Study 2 is a questionnaire, that includes a Social Stigma Scale and an Attribution of Genetic Difference Scale. The project goals are to determine the variety of factors people bring to bear on interpreting genetic conditions, the circumstances that encourage stigmatization, and to test the hypothesis that stigmatization occurs more often among people who are members of populations that are already stigmatized.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
3R01HG002189-03S1
Application #
6777136
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZHG1)
Program Officer
Mcewen, Jean
Project Start
2000-05-19
Project End
2004-10-31
Budget Start
2003-08-15
Budget End
2004-10-31
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2003
Total Cost
$99,924
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Pennsylvania
Department
Internal Medicine/Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
042250712
City
Philadelphia
State
PA
Country
United States
Zip Code
19104
Sankar, Pamela; Cho, Mildred K; Wolpe, Paul Root et al. (2006) What is in a cause? Exploring the relationship between genetic cause and felt stigma. Genet Med 8:33-42
Cho, Mildred K; Sankar, Pamela (2004) Forensic genetics and ethical, legal and social implications beyond the clinic. Nat Genet 36:S8-12
International HapMap Consortium (2004) Integrating ethics and science in the International HapMap Project. Nat Rev Genet 5:467-75
Sankar, Pamela; Cho, Mildred K; Condit, Celeste M et al. (2004) Genetic research and health disparities. JAMA 291:2985-9
Sankar, Pamela (2003) MEDLINE definitions of race and ethnicity and their application to genetic research. Nat Genet 34:119; discussion 120
Sankar, Pamela; Cho, Mildred K (2002) Genetics. Toward a new vocabulary of human genetic variation. Science 298:1337-8