Long-term Objective: Our long-term objective is to elucidate biochemical reactions in heart muscle cells that protect them from damaging stresses, such as deprivation of oxygen and nutrients. The eventual aim of this knowledge is that activation of such reactions could provide a method by which newly developed drugs could protect the heart against the irreversible damage resulting from coronary artery disease. Background: Coronary artery disease reduces blood-flow, which starves the heart of oxygen and nutrients;this creates a condition known as ischemia. Chronic ischemia, or even short-term ischemia followed by resumed blood-flow, which is called ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), can irreversibly damage the heart muscle, causing a myocardial infarction (MI). However, sub-lethal ischemia activates potentially protective biochemical pathways in the heart, one of which may be the unfolded protein response (UPR), also known as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response (ERSR). The UPR has not been studied extensively in cardiac myocytes, but in other cell types it is activated when protein folding in the rough ER, which requires oxygen and nutrients, is impeded. We found that simulated ischemia (sI) impedes ER protein folding and activates the UPR in cultured cardiac myocytes and in mouse hearts subjected to MI, in vivo. One branch of the UPR is mediated by the transcription factor, ATF6. In other cells types, the UPR activates ATF6, which induces ERSR genes that encode protective proteins. We found that transgenic expression of activated ATF6 induced numerous ERSR genes and proteins, which protected mouse hearts in an ex vivo model of I/R damage. Hypothesis: Our hypothesis is that a group of the genes activated in myocardial cells during ischemia are induced by the ATF6 branch of the UPR, and that these ATF6-dependent genes encode proteins that help protect the heart from I/R damage via appropriate regulation of stress signaling pathways in cardiomyocytes. Research Design: This hypothesis will be addressed in the mouse heart, where ischemia-inducible, ATF6- dependent genes will be identified by gene expression profiling. The mechanisms by which these genes contribute to protection will be examined in cultured cardiac myocytes, and in vivo. The effects of ATF6 loss- or gain-of-function on cardiac performance and damage upon I/R will be examined in the mouse heart, in vivo.
Specific Aims :
Our specific aims are to: 1. identify ischemia-inducible, ATF6-dependent genes in the mouse heart, in vivo, using unbiased microarray-based gene expression profiling and ERSR-specific gene profiling strategies, 2. determine the consequences of ATF6 gain- or loss-of-function in a cultured cardiac myocyte model of simulated ischemia and I/R, and in a mouse heart model of in vivo I/R, and 3. examine the mechanisms of ischemia-inducible, ATF6-dependent cardioprotection.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01HL075573-06
Application #
7629756
Study Section
Myocardial Ischemia and Metabolism Study Section (MIM)
Program Officer
Schwartz, Lisa
Project Start
2003-12-17
Project End
2012-05-31
Budget Start
2009-06-12
Budget End
2010-05-31
Support Year
6
Fiscal Year
2009
Total Cost
$396,813
Indirect Cost
Name
San Diego State University
Department
Biology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
073371346
City
San Diego
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
92182
Arrieta, A; Blackwood, E A; Glembotski, C C (2018) ER Protein Quality Control and the Unfolded Protein Response in the Heart. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 414:193-213
Glembotski, Christopher C (2017) Expanding the Paracrine Hypothesis of Stem Cell-Mediated Repair in the Heart: When the Unconventional Becomes Conventional. Circ Res 120:772-774
Gray, Charles B B; Suetomi, Takeshi; Xiang, Sunny et al. (2017) CaMKII? subtypes differentially regulate infarct formation following ex vivo myocardial ischemia/reperfusion through NF-?B and TNF-?. J Mol Cell Cardiol 103:48-55
Jin, Jung-Kang; Blackwood, Erik A; Azizi, Khalid et al. (2017) ATF6 Decreases Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Damage and Links ER Stress and Oxidative Stress Signaling Pathways in the Heart. Circ Res 120:862-875
Reynolds, Julia O; Quick, Ann P; Wang, Qiongling et al. (2016) Junctophilin-2 gene therapy rescues heart failure by normalizing RyR2-mediated Ca2+ release. Int J Cardiol 225:371-380
Doroudgar, Shirin; Quijada, Pearl; Konstandin, Mathias et al. (2016) S100A4 protects the myocardium against ischemic stress. J Mol Cell Cardiol 100:54-63
Glembotski, Christopher C (2015) Breaking down the COP9 Signalsome in the heart: how inactivating a protein ubiquitin ligase increases protein ubiquitylation and protects the heart. Circ Res 117:914-6
Doroudgar, Shirin; Völkers, Mirko; Thuerauf, Donna J et al. (2015) Hrd1 and ER-Associated Protein Degradation, ERAD, are Critical Elements of the Adaptive ER Stress Response in Cardiac Myocytes. Circ Res 117:536-46
Völkers, Mirko; Doroudgar, Shirin; Nguyen, Nathalie et al. (2014) PRAS40 prevents development of diabetic cardiomyopathy and improves hepatic insulin sensitivity in obesity. EMBO Mol Med 6:57-65
Glembotski, Christopher C (2014) Finding the missing link between the unfolded protein response and O-GlcNAcylation in the heart. Circ Res 115:546-8

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