Worldwide, nearly 300,000 diseased heart valves are replaced annually, most of them with devices that include mechanical valves, devices made from non-living biological tissues or viable human allografts. Durability of heart valve replacements is limited to 15-20 years mostly due to coagulation risks, endocarditis, degeneration, calcification and failure to grow and remodel. This study is highly relevant to public health because heart valve disease is a very important chapter of cardiovascular diseases in adults and children. Our long-term objective is to develop living tissue-engineered valves that will last a life-time, will not be prone to complications, will have the ability to grow and remodel and thus ultimately impacting thousands of patients. Our innovative proposal acknowledges the vital importance of four issues that are unique to our approach: i) Constructs made from partially stabilized collagenous scaffolds, ii) Anatomically analogous 3-D heart valve shapes made form tri-layered structures that mimic the native heart valve histo-architecture, iii) Autologous multipotent mesenchymal stem cells for repopulation and remodeling and iv) Mechanical and biochemical cues to induce stem cell differentiation into valvular cells capable of maintaining matrix homeostasis. To accomplish these goals, we propose to develop partially stabilized collagen scaffolds that structurally and functionally mimic the aortic valve fibrosa, ventricularis and spongiosa layers, to assemble them into tri-layered constructs shaped in the form of natural heart valves and populate them with human mesenchymal stem cells. Constructs will be mounted in a bioreactor to induce differentiation of stem cells into analogues of valvular interstitial cells and promote remodeling.
In Specific Aim 1, collagen layers to be used as fibrosa and ventricularis layers will be prepared from decellularized pericardium and lightly cross-linked to allow for controlled biodegradation. For the spongiosa layer, highly porous collagen scaffolds will be prepared from decellularized, elastase- treated arteries and enriched with valve-specific glycosaminoglycans. Scaffolds will be then assembled into histologically analogous tri-layered structures (fibrosa / spongiosa / ventricularis) and shaped into constructs resembling native aortic roots by molding on silicone rubber casts. Engineered aortic roots will be characterized by advanced mechanical analysis and their function evaluated in a pulsatile valve duplicator.
In Specific Aim 2, we will prepare human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem cells will be then seeded onto collagen gels and subjected to controlled load regimes in a FlexerCell system. We will evaluate phenotypic changes and ability of stimulated stem cells to differentiate into valvular interstitial cells.
In Specific Aim 3, we will encase spongiosa layer within the tri-layered scaffold, seed the scaffolds with stem cells, and subject constructs to in vitro cycling within a bioreactor. We will evaluate cell differentiation and matrix remodeling at various time-points in dynamic conditions.

Public Health Relevance

Heart valves are flap-like tissues inside the heart chambers that open and close every second of the cardiac cycle to allow blood to flow through the heart. Diseased heart valves are routinely replaced by surgery, but available artificial devices are less than optimal and fail within 15-20 years after implantation, mostly because they are made of non-living materials. New and improved devices are needed for more than 300,000 patients every year. We are developing living materials comprised of layers of tissue scaffolds to which we add the own patients'cells and shape the entire device in the form of a natural heart valve. This tissue engineered device has the potential to adapt and remodel with the patient, and thus will have a global impact by treating cardiovascular diseases in adults and children.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01HL093399-02
Application #
8033770
Study Section
Biomaterials and Biointerfaces Study Section (BMBI)
Program Officer
Lundberg, Martha
Project Start
2010-03-01
Project End
2014-01-31
Budget Start
2011-02-01
Budget End
2012-01-31
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2011
Total Cost
$358,005
Indirect Cost
Name
Clemson University
Department
Biomedical Engineering
Type
Schools of Engineering
DUNS #
042629816
City
Clemson
State
SC
Country
United States
Zip Code
29634
Sierad, Leslie Neil; Shaw, Eliza Laine; Bina, Alexander et al. (2015) Functional Heart Valve Scaffolds Obtained by Complete Decellularization of Porcine Aortic Roots in a Novel Differential Pressure Gradient Perfusion System. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 21:1284-96
Schulte, Jason B; Simionescu, Agneta; Simionescu, Dan T (2013) The acellular myocardial flap: a novel extracellular matrix scaffold enriched with patent microvascular networks and biocompatible cell niches. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 19:518-30
Bezuidenhout, Deon; Oosthuysen, Anel; Davies, Neil et al. (2013) Covalent incorporation and controlled release of active dexamethasone from injectable polyethylene glycol hydrogels. J Biomed Mater Res A 101:1311-8
Chow, James P; Simionescu, Dan T; Warner, Harleigh et al. (2013) Mitigation of diabetes-related complications in implanted collagen and elastin scaffolds using matrix-binding polyphenol. Biomaterials 34:685-95
Wang, Bo; Tedder, Mary E; Perez, Clara E et al. (2012) Structural and biomechanical characterizations of porcine myocardial extracellular matrix. J Mater Sci Mater Med 23:1835-47
Simionescu, Dan T; Chen, Joseph; Jaeggli, Michael et al. (2012) Form Follows Function: Advances in Trilayered Structure Replication for Aortic Heart Valve Tissue Engineering. J Healthc Eng 3:179-202
Simionescu, Agneta; Schulte, Jason B; Fercana, George et al. (2011) Inflammation in cardiovascular tissue engineering: the challenge to a promise: a minireview. Int J Inflam 2011:958247
Ariganello, Marianne B; Simionescu, Dan T; Labow, Rosalind S et al. (2011) Macrophage differentiation and polarization on a decellularized pericardial biomaterial. Biomaterials 32:439-49
Simionescu, Agneta; Tedder, Mary E; Chuang, Ting-Hsien et al. (2011) Lectin and antibody-based histochemical techniques for cardiovascular tissue engineering. J Histotechnol 34:20-28
Tedder, Mary E; Simionescu, Agneta; Chen, Joseph et al. (2011) Assembly and testing of stem cell-seeded layered collagen constructs for heart valve tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 17:25-36

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