Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous disease defined by a decrease in head circumference at birth. Patients often have a broad spectrum of neurological problems, including mental retardation, focal or generalized seizures, hyperactivity, and attention deficit disorder. The decrease in brain volume without major architectonic abnormalities most likely stems from a primary defect in neurogenesis and or neuronal migration. Five of eight MCPH genes localize to the centrosome during all or part of the cell cycle. In vitro studies provide evidence that these genes play roles in essential centrosomal functions such as cell cycle regulation. Nonetheless, the mechanism of MCPH in brain development is still poorly understood. The long-term goal of this project is to profile the role of MCPH genes in neocortical development and disease pathogenesis. The objectives are to uncover the molecular and cellular controls of MCPH genes on neurogenesis and to define how centrosomal proteins regulate the mode of division (symmetric or asymmetric), neuronal migration and differentiation. Recent studies from our lab and others have demonstrated that radial glial cells are a major population of neuronal progenitor cells. They divide asymmetrically to self-renew and give rise to cortical neurons. Asymmetric centrosome inheritance is believed to regulate the differential behavior of self-renewing progenitors versus differentiating progeny in the embryonic mouse neocortex. Centrosome defects in Drosophila do not dramatically perturb mitosis in most somatic cells, but the asymmetric division of larval neuroblasts is noticeably disrupted, underscoring the particular significance of centrosome behavior for asymmetric cell division of progenitor cells and determination of daughter cell fate. Furthermore, the centrosome is the primary anchor for microtubules, enabling the differentiating neuron to initiate and extend an axon, a key process of neuron differentiation. Based on these observations, the central hypothesis of this application is that the MCPH genes control neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and differentiation in the developing cortex. Guided by strong preliminary data this hypothesis will be tested by pursuing four specific aims: 1) To determine the molecular and cellular mechanism by which MCPH genes regulate radial glial cell division;2) To explore the function of MCPH genes in regulating asymmetric inheritance of mother versus daughter centrosomes and daughter cell fate;3) To define the function of MCPH genes in regulating neuronal migration and differentiation in the developing cortex;and 4) To validate the relevance of findings in the mouse to the pathogenesis of human MCPH using patient induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. With innovative approaches including high-temporal time-lapse imaging and molecular genetic techniques, the proposed research will provide new insights into the pathogenesis of MCPH and expand our knowledge of brain development. Moreover, the results of this study may shed light on mechanisms relevant to the etiology of many neurological and psychiatric disorders related to cortical function.

Public Health Relevance

This study investigates the molecular and cellular mechanisms of human microcephaly, an important and under-investigated neurodevelopmental disorder. Understanding how microcephaly develops is important not only for a deeper understanding brain development, but also to advance our understanding and potential treatment of a variety of other neurodevelopmental disorders caused through defects in cerebral cortex development including mental retardation, epilepsy, autism, and schizophrenia.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01NS072630-04
Application #
8520061
Study Section
Developmental Brain Disorders Study Section (DBD)
Program Officer
Riddle, Robert D
Project Start
2010-09-01
Project End
2015-07-31
Budget Start
2013-08-01
Budget End
2014-07-31
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
2013
Total Cost
$309,152
Indirect Cost
$102,280
Name
University of California San Francisco
Department
Neurology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
094878337
City
San Francisco
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
94143
Bershteyn, Marina; Nowakowski, Tomasz J; Pollen, Alex A et al. (2017) Human iPSC-Derived Cerebral Organoids Model Cellular Features of Lissencephaly and Reveal Prolonged Mitosis of Outer Radial Glia. Cell Stem Cell 20:435-449.e4
Lui, Jan H; Nowakowski, Tomasz J; Pollen, Alex A et al. (2014) Radial glia require PDGFD-PDGFR? signalling in human but not mouse neocortex. Nature 515:264-8
Pollen, Alex A; Nowakowski, Tomasz J; Shuga, Joe et al. (2014) Low-coverage single-cell mRNA sequencing reveals cellular heterogeneity and activated signaling pathways in developing cerebral cortex. Nat Biotechnol 32:1053-8
Ostrem, Bridget E L; Lui, Jan H; Gertz, Caitlyn C et al. (2014) Control of outer radial glial stem cell mitosis in the human brain. Cell Rep 8:656-64
LaMonica, Bridget E; Lui, Jan H; Hansen, David V et al. (2013) Mitotic spindle orientation predicts outer radial glial cell generation in human neocortex. Nat Commun 4:1665
Bershteyn, Marina; Kriegstein, Arnold R (2013) Cerebral organoids in a dish: progress and prospects. Cell 155:19-20
Nicholas, Cory R; Chen, Jiadong; Tang, Yunshuo et al. (2013) Functional maturation of hPSC-derived forebrain interneurons requires an extended timeline and mimics human neural development. Cell Stem Cell 12:573-86
Woodworth, Mollie B; Greig, Luciano Custo; Kriegstein, Arnold R et al. (2012) SnapShot: cortical development. Cell 151:918-918.e1
LaMonica, Bridget E; Lui, Jan H; Wang, Xiaoqun et al. (2012) OSVZ progenitors in the human cortex: an updated perspective on neurodevelopmental disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 22:747-53
Hansen, David V; Rubenstein, John L R; Kriegstein, Arnold R (2011) Deriving excitatory neurons of the neocortex from pluripotent stem cells. Neuron 70:645-60

Showing the most recent 10 out of 13 publications