Among adult dementias, a large proportion are either due to or associated with small vessel disease (SVD) of the brain. The incidence and prevalence of SVD, which may be anticipated by aging, hypertension and diabetes, is on the rise, and causally linked to the rising incidence of dementia and age-related neurological disability. Despite the fact that diagnostic MRI can track SVD progression during a premanifest period and potential therapeutic window of years to decades, no treatments are yet available. The pathophysiology of SVD is presently poorly understood. A widening of perivascular spaces (PVS) and white matter hyperintensities on neuroimaging are strongly associated with SVD. The perivascular expansion in SVD appears to correspond structurally with the perivascular spaces of the glymphatic system, our recently described system of glial-mediated lymphatic-like convective flow that directs interstitial fluid fluxes in the brain. The glymphatic system is analogous to the lymphatic system in peripheral tissues, which clears excess interstitial fluid and waste products from the brain. Glymphatic fluid transport pathways circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which exchanges with interstitial fluid (ISF), and relies on the aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-defined water channels in astrocytic endfeet to achieve parenchymal entry. Astrocytic endfeet effectively enclose the vasculature and thereby create a network of interconnected donut-shaped tunnels around the brain's arteries, capillaries, and veins. The existence of an astrocyte-enclosed perivascular space is recognized as a unique anatomical feature of the CNS, but its functional importance has only recently become apparent. Since a hallmark feature of SVD is the structural remodeling of the perivascular space, we here propose to ask, based on a compelling set of preliminary observations, if an increase of glymphatic fluid exchange plays an essential role in SVD pathobiology. The proposed studies will address the following questions:
Aim 1 will map glymphatic activity in several experimental rodent SVD models, including CADASIL, hypertensive rats and mice (SHR and BPH/2J mice).
Aim 2 will use MRI to assess the roles of blood pressure fluctuations, glymphatic influx or efflux, and BBB permeability on glymphatic transport and pathological fluid accumulation in SHR and controls.
Aim 3 will test the hypothesis that interventions which promote normal glymphatic function will slow myelin loss and the cognitive impairment in SVD. The experiments will directly correlate the benefits of anti-hypertensive treatment, exercise, and insomnia treatment with improvements in glymphatic transport. To our knowledge, this application constitutes the first formal study focused on glymphatic functions and the perivascular space in SVD. The proposed studies will address key gaps in our understanding of SVD. Our hope is to provide novel mechanistic insight into the pathological events that leads to myelin loss in SVD.
We propose to determine the role of the `glymphatic system' in small vessel disease (SVD) ? a common type of dementia which evolves slowly and typically first manifests in old age. Our goal is to understand how dysfunction of the glymphatic system contributes to myelin loss and dementia in SVD. The novel studies will be performed in three rodent models, where SVD evolves slowly and most closely mimics the human condition.
| Mestre, Humberto; Hablitz, Lauren M; Xavier, Anna Lr et al. (2018) Aquaporin-4-dependent glymphatic solute transport in the rodent brain. Elife 7: |
| Plog, Benjamin A; Nedergaard, Maiken (2018) The Glymphatic System in Central Nervous System Health and Disease: Past, Present, and Future. Annu Rev Pathol 13:379-394 |
| Xavier, Anna L R; Hauglund, Natalie Linea; von Holstein-Rathlou, Stephanie et al. (2018) Cannula Implantation into the Cisterna Magna of Rodents. J Vis Exp : |
| Mestre, Humberto; Tithof, Jeffrey; Du, Ting et al. (2018) Flow of cerebrospinal fluid is driven by arterial pulsations and is reduced in hypertension. Nat Commun 9:4878 |
| Plog, Benjamin A; Mestre, Humberto; Olveda, Genaro E et al. (2018) Transcranial optical imaging reveals a pathway for optimizing the delivery of immunotherapeutics to the brain. JCI Insight 3: |
| von Holstein-Rathlou, Stephanie; Petersen, Nicolas Caesar; Nedergaard, Maiken (2018) Voluntary running enhances glymphatic influx in awake behaving, young mice. Neurosci Lett 662:253-258 |
| Lee, Hedok; Mortensen, Kristian; Sanggaard, Simon et al. (2018) Quantitative Gd-DOTA uptake from cerebrospinal fluid into rat brain using 3D VFA-SPGR at 9.4T. Magn Reson Med 79:1568-1578 |
| Smith, Nathan A; Kress, Benjamin T; Lu, Yuan et al. (2018) Fluorescent Ca2+ indicators directly inhibit the Na,K-ATPase and disrupt cellular functions. Sci Signal 11: |
| Verkhratsky, Alexei; Nedergaard, Maiken (2018) Physiology of Astroglia. Physiol Rev 98:239-389 |
| Lundgaard, Iben; Wang, Wei; Eberhardt, Allison et al. (2018) Beneficial effects of low alcohol exposure, but adverse effects of high alcohol intake on glymphatic function. Sci Rep 8:2246 |
Showing the most recent 10 out of 39 publications
